毒理性
◉ 母乳喂养期间使用概述：欧芹（Carum petroselinum）叶、种子和根部含有挥发油，包括生物碱和肉豆蔻素，具有药理活性，以及黄酮类、β-Phellandrene（β-水芹烯）、Bergapten（ bergaptol）、维生素A和C。使用欧芹的热敷或泥敷被用来治疗乳房充血和乳房痛。据说含有鼠尾草和欧芹的口服胶囊可以减少乳汁流量；然而，没有科学有效的临床试验支持这种用途。一些土耳其的母亲报告使用欧芹来增加她们的乳汁供应。催乳剂不应替代对影响乳汁产量的可修改因素的评估和咨询。没有关于欧芹任何成分排入母乳的数据，也没有关于欧芹对哺乳母亲或婴儿的安全性和有效性的数据。欧芹被美国食品药品管理局（FDA）"普遍认为是安全的"（GRAS）作为食品。不良反应主要是过敏反应，包括与其他伞形科家庭成员如胡萝卜、芹菜和茴香的交叉反应。不应使用精油，因其apiol和myristicin含量可能具有毒性。
◉ 对母乳喂养婴儿的影响：截至修订日期，未找到相关已发布信息。
◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响：据说含有鼠尾草和欧芹的口服胶囊可以减少乳汁流量；然而，没有科学有效的临床试验支持这种用途。
伊朗的158位报告哺乳困难的母亲被给予了一种专有草药混合物（Shirafza Drop）或叶绿素溶液作为安慰剂。草药混合物包含了据称具有催乳作用的茴香、八角、孜然、黑种子和欧芹。婴儿年龄在0到6个月之间，他们被纯母乳喂养。随着时间的推移测量婴儿的体重增加。两组婴儿的体重增加没有差异。这项研究的盲法和随机化不清楚。
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Parsley (Carum petroselinum) leaf, seed, and root contain the volatile oils apiol and myristicin, which is pharmacologically active, as well as flavonoids, beta-phellandrene, bergapten, and vitamins A and C. Warm compresses or poultices of parsley have been used to treat breast engorgement and mastalgia. Oral capsules containing sage and parsley capsules are said to decrease milk flow; however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Some mothers in Turkey reportedly use parsley to increase their milk supply. Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable factors that affect milk production. No data exist on the excretion of any components of parsley into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of parsley nursing mothers or infants. Parsley is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Adverse reactions are primarily allergic, including cross reactions to other members of the Apiaceae family, such as carrot, celery, and fennel. The essential oil should not be used because of potential toxicity of its apiol and myristicin content.
Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does not certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information about dietary supplements is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Oral capsules containing sage and parsley capsules are said to decrease milk flow; however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use.
One hundred fifty-eight mothers in Iran of who reported difficulty in breastfeeding were given either a proprietary mixture of herbs (Shirafza Drop) or a chlorophyll solution as a placebo. The herbal mixture contained the purported galactogogues fennel, anise, cumin, black seed, and parsley. Infant ages ranged between 0 and 6 months and they were exclusively breastfed. Weight gain of the infants was measured over time. No difference in infant weight gain was seen between the two groups of infants. Blinding and randomization in this study is unclear.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
