氧甲氢龙 | 53-39-4

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 脂质和类脂质分子 - 类固醇和类固醇衍生物
• 中文名称: 氧甲氢龙
• 中文别名: 氧雄龙；(4AS,4BS,6AS,7R,9AS,9BR,11AS)-7-羟基-4A,6A,7-三甲基-十四氢茚并[4,5-H]异色烯-2(1H)-酮
• 英文名称: oxandrolone
• 英文别名: 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstane-3-one；(4aS,4bS,6aS,7S,9aS,9bR,11as)-7-hydroxy-4a,6a,7-trimethyltetradeca-hydroindeno[4,5-h]isochromen-2(1H)-one；17-β-hydroxy-17-α-methyl-2-oxa-5-α-androstane-3-one；17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one；17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androst-3-one；(1S,3aS,3bR,5aS,9aS,9bS,11aS)-1-hydroxy-1,9a,11a-trimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,5a,6,9,9b,10,11-dodecahydroindeno[4,5-h]isochromen-7-one
• CAS: 53-39-4
• 化学式: C₁₉H₃₀O₃
• 分子量: 306.445
• InChiKey: QSLJIVKCVHQPLV-PEMPUTJUSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  3.7
• 重原子数：
  22
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  4.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.947
• 拓扑面积：
  46.5
• 氢给体数：
  1
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

肾脏的

Renal

来源:DrugBank

代谢

17α-甲基-17β-羟基-2-氧杂-5α-雄甾烷-3-酮（氧雄龙）在人體中的代謝已經通過氣相色谱/質譜法進行了研究。在人體口服10毫克劑量後，尿液樣本中的自由分數檢測到了五個代謝物。氧雄龙作為尿液中的主要排泄化合物，在給藥後72小時內被檢測到。在此期間，分別有35.8%和8.4%的給藥量以未改變的氧雄龙和17-表氧雄龙形式被排泄。此外，在給藥後8至60小時內，尿液樣本中還檢測到了微量的16α-和16β-羟基氧雄龙以及氧雄龙的環酯基水解產生的δ-羟基酸。

The metabolism of 17 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxy-2-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (oxandrolone) in man has been investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After oral administration of a 10 mg dose to man, five metabolites were detected in the free fraction of the urinary samples. Oxandrolone, the major compound excreted in urine, was detected within 72 hr after administration. During this period 35.8 and 8.4% of the administered dose was excreted as unchanged oxandrolone and 17-epioxandrolone, respectively. In addition, minute amounts of 16 alpha- and 16 beta-hydroxyoxandrolone and a delta-hydroxy acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the lactone group of oxandrolone were detected in the urine samples 8-60 hr after administration.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

识别：奥昔奈罗龙是一种用于系统使用的合成类固醇。物质来源：天然存在的合成类固醇在睾丸、卵巢和肾上腺从胆固醇经孕烯醇酮合成。合成类固醇基于主要的男性激素睾酮，通过以下三种方式之一进行修改：17-碳的烷基化；17-OH基团的酯化以及类固醇核的修饰。这种类固醇是一种白色固体结晶材料。它可溶于水、酒精、丙酮、氯仿和醚。合成类固醇唯一合法的治疗适应症是：(a) 在失去双睾的男性中替代男性性激素；(b) 治疗某些可能对合成雄激素有反应的罕见形式的再生障碍性贫血；(c) 在某些国家，这些药物被用来对抗分解状态，例如重大创伤后。人类暴露：主要风险和靶器官：主要风险是过量雄激素：女性月经不调和男性化，男性阳痿、早发心血管疾病和前列腺增生。男女都可能因含有取代的17-α-碳的口服合成类固醇而遭受肝损伤。在使用这些药物期间或停药后可能发生精神病学变化。临床效果总结：急性过量可能导致恶心和胃肠道不适。长期使用被认为会导致肌肉体积增加，并且可能引起男性特征和与男性激素相关效果的夸张。合成类固醇可以影响性功能。它们还可能导致心血管和肝脏损伤。男女都可能发生痤疮和男性型脱发；女性出现月经不调、乳房萎缩和阴蒂增大；男性出现睾丸萎缩和前列腺增生。禁忌症：已知或疑似前列腺癌或（男性）乳腺癌。怀孕或哺乳或已知心血管疾病是相对禁忌症。暴露途径：口服：合成类固醇可以从胃肠道吸收，但许多化合物在肝脏中首次通过代谢如此广泛，以至于它们无效。在17-碳位置进行取代以保护化合物免受快速肝脏代谢的化合物口服有效。有可以舌下给药的睾酮制剂。 parenteral：除了17-α-取代的类固醇（口服有效）外，所有合成类固醇的主要给药途径是肌肉内或深部皮下注射。暴露途径的吸收：口服给药后的吸收是快速的，可能对其他合成类固醇也是如此，但对所有合成类固醇（除了在17-α位置取代的类固醇）都存在广泛的首过肝代谢。从皮下或肌肉给药部位的吸收速率取决于产品和其配方。脂溶性酯（如环戊丙酸或庚酸）和油性悬浮液的吸收是缓慢的。暴露途径的分布：合成类固醇高度与蛋白质结合，并通过一种特定的称为性激素结合球蛋白的蛋白质在血浆中携带。暴露途径的生物半衰期：吸收药物的代谢是迅速的，从血浆中消除的半衰期非常短。因此，生物效应的持续时间几乎完全取决于从皮下或肌肉给药部位吸收的速率，以及先于其的脱酯化。代谢：自由的（脱酯化的）合成雄激素通过肝脏混合功能氧化酶代谢。暴露途径的消除：在给予放射性标记的睾酮后，大约90%的放射性出现在尿液中，6%出现在粪便中；有一些肠肝循环。作用方式：毒动学：毒效应是正常药理效应的夸张。药动学：合成类固醇与特别是生殖组织、肌肉和脂肪中存在的特定受体结合。合成类固醇减少雄激素缺乏男性组织分解中的氮排泄。它们还负责正常的男性性分化。类固醇成员之间的合成（肌肉增强）效果与雄性化（男性化）效果的比率可能不同，但实际上所有药物都不同程度地具有这两种性质。没有明确证据表明合成类固醇能提高整体运动表现。致癌性：长期滥用合成类固醇后已描述过早的前列腺癌。已报告与合成类固醇滥用相关的肝细胞癌病例。致畸性：孕妇摄入雄激素可能导致女性胎儿的男性化。主要不良影响：合成类固醇的不良影响包括体重增加、液体潴留和生物化学肝脏功能测试异常。给孩子用药可能导致骨骺的过早闭合。男性可能发展为阳痿和无精子症。女性有男性化的风险。急性中毒：摄入：可能发生恶心和呕吐。parenteral暴露：预计患者在急性过量后能迅速恢复，但数据很少。健美运动员使用的剂量是这些化合物标准治疗剂量的许多倍，但并未遭受急性毒性效应。慢性中毒：摄入：肝损伤，表现为生物化学肝脏功能测试的异常，有时严重到导致黄疸；女性男性化；男性前列腺增生、阳痿和无精子症；男女都可能出现痤疮、异常脂质、早发心血管疾病（包括中风和心肌梗死）、葡萄糖耐量异常和肌肉肥大；在长期治疗期间或之后可能发生精神病学障碍。parenteral暴露：女性男性化；男性前列腺增生、阳痿和无精子症；男女都可能出现痤疮、异常脂质、早发心血管疾病（包括中风和心肌梗死）、葡萄糖

IDENTIFICATION: Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid for systemic use. Origin of the substance: Naturally-occurring anabolic steroids are synthesized in the testis, ovary and adrenal gland from cholesterol via pregnenolone. Synthetic anabolic steroids are based on the principal male hormone testosterone, modified in one of three ways: alkylation of the 17-carbon; esterification of the 17-OH group and modification of the steroid nucleus. This steroid is a white solid crystalline material. It is soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, chloroform and ether. The only legitimate therapeutic indications for anabolic steroids are: (a) replacement of male sex steroids in men who have androgen deficiency, for example as a result of loss of both testes; (b) the treatment of certain rare forms of aplastic anemia which are or may be responsive to anabolic androgens. (c) the drugs have been used in certain countries to counteract catabolic states, for example after major trauma. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Main risks and target organs: The main risks are those of excessive androgens: menstrual irregularities and virilization in women and impotence, premature cardiovascular disease and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Both men and women can suffer liver damage with oral anabolic steroids containing a substituted 17-alpha-carbon. Psychiatric changes can occur during use or after cessation of these agents. Summary of clinical effects: Acute overdosage can produce nausea and gastrointestinal upset. Chronic usage is thought to cause an increase in muscle bulk, and can cause an exaggeration of male characteristics and effects related to male hormones. Anabolic steroids can influence sexual function. They can also cause cardiovascular and hepatic damage. Acne and male-pattern baldness occur in both sexes; irregular menses, atrophy of the breasts, and clitoromegaly in women; and testicular atrophy and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Contraindications: Known or suspected cancer of the prostate or (in men) breast. Pregnancy or breast feeding or known cardiovascular disease is a relative contraindication. Routes of exposure: Oral: Anabolic steroids can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but many compounds undergo such extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver that they are inactive. Those compounds in which substitution of the 17-carbon protects the compound from the rapid hepatic metabolism are active orally. There are preparations of testosterone that can be taken sublingually. Parenteral: Intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injection is the principal route of administration of all the anabolic steroids except the 17-alpha-substituted steroids which are active orally. Absorption by route of exposure: The absorption after oral dosing is rapid for testosterone and probably for other anabolic steroids, but there is extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism for all anabolic steroids except those that are substituted at the 17-alpha position. The rate of absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular depots depends on the product and its formulation. Absorption is slow for the lipid-soluble esters such as the cypionate or enanthate, and for oily suspensions. Distribution by route of exposure: The anabolic steroids are highly protein bound, and is carried in plasma by a specific protein called sex-hormone binding globulin. Biological half-life by route of exposure: The metabolism of absorbed drug is rapid, and the elimination half-life from plasma is very short. The duration of the biological effects is therefore determined almost entirely by the rate of absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular depots, and on the de-esterification which precedes it. Metabolism: Free (de-esterified) anabolic androgens are metabolized by hepatic mixed function oxidases. Elimination by route of exposure: After administration of radiolabelled testosterone, about 90% of the radioactivity appears in the urine, and 6% in the feces; there is some enterohepatic recirculation. Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: The toxic effects are an exaggeration of the normal pharmacological effects. Pharmacodynamics: Anabolic steroids bind to specific receptors present especially in reproductive tissue, muscle and fat. The anabolic steroids reduce nitrogen excretion from tissue breakdown in androgen deficient men. They are also responsible for normal male sexual differentiation. The ratio of anabolic body-building effects to androgenic (virilizing) effects may differ among the members of the class, but in practice all agents possess both properties to some degree. There is no clear evidence that anabolic steroids enhance overall athletic performance. Carcinogenicity: Precocious prostatic cancer has been described after long-term anabolic steroid abuse. Cases where hepatic cancers have been associated with anabolic steroid abuse have been reported. Teratogenicity: Androgen ingestion by a pregnant mother can cause virilization of a female fetus. Main adverse effects: The adverse effects of anabolic steroids include weight gain, fluid retention, and abnormal liver function as measured by biochemical tests. Administration to children can cause premature closure of the epiphyses. Men can develop impotence and azoospermia. Women are at risk of virilization. Acute poisoning: Ingestion: Nausea and vomiting can occur. Parenteral exposure: Patients are expected to recover rapidly after acute overdosage, but there are few data. Body-builders use doses many times the standard therapeutic doses for these compounds but do not suffer acute toxic effects. Chronic poisoning: Ingestion: Hepatic damage, manifest as derangement of biochemical tests of liver function and sometimes severe enough to cause jaundice; virilization in women; prostatic hypertrophy, impotence and azoospermia in men; acne, abnormal lipids, premature cardiovascular disease (including stroke and myocardial infarction), abnormal glucose tolerance, and muscular hypertrophy in both sexes; psychiatric disturbances can occur during or after prolonged treatment. Parenteral exposure: Virilization in women; prostatic hypertrophy, impotence and azoospermia in men; acne, abnormal lipids, premature cardiovascular disease (including stroke and myocardial infarction), abnormal glucose tolerance, and muscular hypertrophy in both sexes. Psychiatric disturbances can occur during or after prolonged treatment. Hepatic damage is not expected from parenteral preparations. Course, prognosis, cause of death: Patients with symptoms of acute poisoning are expected to recover rapidly. Patients who persistently abuse high doses of anabolic steroids are at risk of death from premature heart disease or cancer, especially prostatic cancer. Non-fatal but long lasting effects include voice changes in women and fusion of the epiphyses in children. Other effects are reversible over weeks or months. Systematic description of clinical effects: Cardiovascular: Chronic ingestion of high doses of anabolic steroids can cause elevations in blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and premature coronary artery disease. Neurological: Central nervous system: Stroke has been described in a young anabolic steroid abuser. Mania and psychotic symptoms of hallucination and delusion have been described in anabolic steroid abusers. They also described depression after withdrawal from anabolic steroids. There is also considerable debate about the effects of anabolic steroids on aggressive behavior and on criminal behavior. Mood swings were significantly more common in normal volunteers during the active phase of a trial comparing methyltestosterone with placebo. Gastrointestinal: Acute ingestion of large doses can cause nausea and gastrointestinal upset. Hepatic: Orally active (17-alpha substituted) anabolic steroids can cause abnormalities of hepatic function, manifest as abnormally elevated hepatic enzyme activity in biochemical tests of liver function, and sometimes as overt jaundice. The histological abnormality of peliosis hepatis has been associated with anabolic steroid use. Angiosarcoma and a case of hepatocellular carcinoma in an anabolic steroid user has been reported. Urinary: Men who take large doses of anabolic steroids can develop prostatic hypertrophy. Prostatic carcinoma has been described in young men who have abused anabolic steroids. Endocrine and reproductive systems: Small doses of anabolic steroids are said to increase libido, but larger doses lead to azoospermia and impotence. Testicular atrophy is a common clinical feature of long-term abuse of anabolic steroids, and gynecomastia can occur. Women develop signs of virilism, with increased facial hair, male pattern baldness, acne, deepening of the voice, irregular menses and clitoral enlargement. Eye, ear, nose, throat: local effects: Changes in the larynx in women caused by anabolic steroids can result in a hoarse, deep voice. The changes are irreversible. Hematological: Anabolic androgens stimulate erythropoiesis. Metabolic: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Sodium and water retention can occur, and result in edema; hypercalcemia is also reported. Insulin resistance with a fall in glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolemia with a fall in high density lipoprotein cholesterol, have been reported.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 药物性肝损伤

化合物：奥沙西龙

Compound:oxandrolone

来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset

毒理性

• 药物性肝损伤

DILI 注解：最令人关注的药物性肝损伤

DILI Annotation:Most-DILI-Concern

来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset

毒理性

• 药物性肝损伤

严重等级：8

Severity Grade:8

来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset

毒理性

• 药物性肝损伤

标签部分：盒装警告

Label Section:Box warning

来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset

吸收、分配和排泄

目前尚不清楚合成代谢类固醇是否分布进入母乳中。/合成代谢类固醇/

It is not known whether anabolic steroids are distributed into breast milk. /Anabolic steroids/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  氧甲氢龙 在 culture of Cunninghamella blakesleeana 作用下， 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 反应 432.0h， 以8 mg的产率得到12β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Microbial transformation of oxandrolone with Macrophomina phaseolina and Cunninghamella blakesleeana

  摘要：

  Microbial transformation of oxandrolone (1) was carried out by using Cunninghamella blakesleeana and Macrophomina phaseolina. Biotransformation of 1 with M. phaseolina yielded four new metabolites, 11 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (2), 5 alpha,11 beta,17 beta-trihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-2-oxa-androstan-3-one (3), 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-2-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3,11-dione (4), and 11 beta,17 alpha-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-2-oxa-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (5). Whereas a new metabolite, 12 beta,17 beta-dihydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-2-oxa-5(z-androstan-3-one (6), was obtained through the microbial transformation of oxandrolone (1) with C blakesleeana. The structures of isolated metabolites were characterized on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic data. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  DOI：

  10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.008
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  美雄诺龙 在 lithium carbonate 、 臭氧 、 pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide 、 lithium bromide 、 sodium hydroxide 作用下， 以 甲醇 、 乙醇 、 水 、 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 为溶剂， 反应 24.0h， 生成 氧甲氢龙
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Development of a Commercial Process to Produce Oxandrolone

  摘要：

  A manufacturing scale process for the preparation of the anabolic steroid Oxandrolone was developed. Key elements included the following: the bromination of methylandrostanolone with perbromide to give the 2-bromoketone in ca. 80% yield with minimal dehydration, subsequent elimination of the bromide with Li2CO3/LiBr to give the 2-enone in ca. 70% yield with minimal formation of methyltestosterone, and an ozonolysis procedure to give the penultimate intermediate in ca. 90% yield. The overall yield from methylandrostanolone to Oxandrolone using the described process was 45% as compared to the original Searle yield of 8%.

  DOI：

  10.1021/op060231b

文献信息

• [EN] PEPTIDE-BASED MULTIPLE-DRUG DELIVERY VEHICLE<br/>[FR] VÉHICULE D'ADMINISTRATION DE MÉDICAMENTS MULTIPLES À BASE DE PEPTIDES
  申请人：ARIEL-UNIVERSITY RES AND DEV COMPANY LTD

  公开号：WO2017068577A1

  公开（公告）日：2017-04-27

  A molecular structure comprising a targeting moiety, a multi-functional peptide platform and a plurality of controllably released bioactive agents attached thereto is provided herein.

  本文提供了一种包括靶向基团、多功能肽平台和附着在其上的多种可控释放的生物活性剂的分子结构。
• [EN] BIOREVERSABLE PROMOIETIES FOR NITROGEN-CONTAINING AND HYDROXYL-CONTAINING DRUGS<br/>[FR] PRO-FRAGMENTS BIORÉVERSIBLES POUR MÉDICAMENTS CONTENANT DE L'AZOTE ET DE L'HYDROXYLE
  申请人：BAIKANG SUZHOU CO LTD

  公开号：WO2015081891A1

  公开（公告）日：2015-06-11

  Disclosed are promoieties of the following formula which can be used to form prodrugs of nitrogen-containing or hydroxyl-containing drug or a pharmaceutically active agent: (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the prodrugs.

  披露了以下公式的促销性质，它们可用于形成含有氮或羟基的药物或药物活性剂的的前药：(I)以及包含这些前药的药物组合物。
• TIOPRONIN PRODRUGS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, AND METHODS OF USE
  申请人：Nguyen Mark Quang

  公开号：US20170129867A1

  公开（公告）日：2017-05-11

  Tiopronin prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the tiopronin prodrugs, and methods of using tiopronin prodrugs and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating liver, kidney, lung, neurological, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Wilson's disease, cystinuria, irritable bowel disorder, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

  Tiopronin前药、包含Tiopronin前药的药物组合物，以及使用Tiopronin前药和药物组合物治疗肝脏、肾脏、肺部、神经学、炎症和自身免疫障碍的方法，包括非酒精性脂肪肝炎、威尔逊病、胱氨酸尿症、肠易激综合症、溃疡性结肠炎、类风湿性关节炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、间质性肺病、哮喘、囊性纤维化、帕金森病和亨廷顿病。
• Internally Masked Neopentyl Sulfonyl Ester Cyclization Release Prodrugs of Acamprosate, Compositions Thereof, and Methods of Use
  申请人：Li Yunxiao

  公开号：US20090099253A1

  公开（公告）日：2009-04-16

  Internally masked neopentyl sulfonyl ester prodrugs of acamprosate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such prodrugs, and methods of using such prodrugs and compositions thereof for treating diseases are disclosed. In particular, acamprosate prodrugs exhibiting enhanced oral bioavailability and methods of using acamprosate prodrugs to treat neurodegenerative disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, movement disorders, substance abuse disorders, binge eating disorder, cortical spreading depression related disorders, tinnitus, sleeping disorders, multiple sclerosis, and pain are disclosed.

  内部掩盖的新戊基磺酰酯前药，包含这种前药的药物组合物，以及使用这种前药和组合物治疗疾病的方法被披露。具体来说，披露了展现增强口服生物利用度的阿卡姆普罗酸前药以及使用阿卡姆普罗酸前药治疗神经退行性疾病、精神障碍、情绪障碍、焦虑障碍、躯体形式障碍、运动障碍、物质滥用障碍、暴饮暴食障碍、皮层扩散性抑郁相关障碍、耳鸣、睡眠障碍、多发性硬化症和疼痛的方法。
• [EN] 5-HT2C RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE<br/>[FR] AGONISTES DE RÉCEPTEUR 5-HT2C ET COMPOSITIONS ET PROCÉDÉS D'UTILISATION
  申请人：ARENA PHARM INC

  公开号：WO2017023679A1

  公开（公告）日：2017-02-09

  Provided in some embodiments are compounds of Formula A, as defined herein, that modulate the activity of 5-HT2C receptor. Also provided in some embodiments are methods, such as, for weight management, inducing satiety, and decreasing food intake, and for preventing and treating obesity, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, type 2 diabetes, Prader-Willi syndrome, tobacco/nicotine dependence, drug addiction, alcohol addiction, pathological gambling, reward deficiency syndrome, and sex addiction), obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and impulse control disorders (including nail-biting and onychophagia), sleep disorders (including insomnia, fragmented sleep architecture, and disturbances of slow-wave sleep), urinary incontinence, psychiatric disorders (including schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa), Alzheimer disease, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, epilepsy, movement disorders (including parkinsonism and antipsychotic-induced movement disorder), hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity-related renal disease, and sleep apnea.

  在某些实施例中提供了一些符合本文所定义的A式化合物，其调节5-HT2C受体的活性。在某些实施例中还提供了一些方法，例如用于体重管理、诱导饱腹感、减少食物摄入，以及预防和治疗肥胖、抗精神病药物引起的体重增加、2型糖尿病、普拉德-威利综合征、烟草/尼古丁依赖、药物成瘾、酒精成瘾、病理性赌博、奖赏缺乏综合征和性成瘾，强迫症谱系障碍和冲动控制障碍（包括咬指甲和咬甲症），睡眠障碍（包括失眠、睡眠结构碎裂和慢波睡眠紊乱），尿失禁，精神障碍（包括精神分裂症、厌食症和暴食症），阿尔茨海默病，性功能障碍，勃起功能障碍，癫痫，运动障碍（包括帕金森病和抗精神病药物引起的运动障碍），高血压，血脂异常，非酒精性脂肪肝病，肥胖相关肾脏疾病和睡眠呼吸暂停症。

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