Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)
Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
口服（L308）；吸入（L308）；皮肤给药（L308）
Oral (L308) ; inhalation (L308) ; dermal (L308)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
症状
无机或有机锡化合物放置在皮肤上或进入眼睛中可能会引起皮肤和眼睛的刺激。
Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. (L308)
Metal-Catalyzed Dehydropolymerization of Secondary Stannanes to High Molecular Weight Polystannanes
摘要：
The first high molecular weight polystannanes, H(SnR(2))(n)H (R = (n)Bu, (n)Hex, (n)Oct), result from dehydropolymerization of secondary stannanes R(2)SnH(2) by zirconocene catalysts. Good catalysts include zirconocenes based on both CpCp*Zr (Cp* = eta(5)-C(5)Me(5)) and Cp(2)Zr fragments, and the most active catalyst with respect to production of high molecular weight polystannanes was Me(2)C(eta(5)-C5H4)(2)Zr[Si(SiMe(3))(3)]Me. The latter catalyst produced H(Sn(n)Bu(2))(n)H chains (M(w)/M(n) = 66 900/20 300) that were contaminated by ca. 18% (by weight) low molecular weight cyclic oligomers. Lower molecular weights resulted from dehydropolymerizations of Me(2)SnH(2), PhMeSnH(2), and Ph(2)SnH(2). At room temperature, H(SnR(2))(n)H (R alkyl group) polystannanes have lambda(max) values at ca. 380-400 nm, attributed to sigma --> sigma* transitions. Thermal gravimetric analyses on the polystannanes reveal that these polymers are as thermally stable as related poly(dialkylsilane)s and have onset temperatures for thermal decomposition in the range 200-270 degrees C, under both nitrogen and air. The H(Sn(n)Bu(2))(n)H polymer has been shown to be a good precursor to SnO2, as shown by bulk pyrolysis in air (ceramic yield: 56%). Preliminary results also indicate that these polymers may be useful as precursors to elemental tin. The polystannanes are photosensitive, and their photobleaching behavior has been characterized by UV-vis spectrometry and Sn-119 NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrated that H(Sn(n)Bu(2))(n)H is photochemicaly depolymerized to a 2:1 mixture of cyclo-(Sn(n)Bu(2))(5) and cyclo-(Sn(n)Bu(2))(6). The polymers H(Sn(n)Hex(2))(n)H and H(Sn(n)Oct(2))(n)H exhibit thermochromic behavior which is visibly evident as a discoloration from yellow to colorless upon warming above room temperature. This reversible behavior is associated with an abrupt change in lambda(max) (e.g., from 402 to 378 nm for films of H(Sn(n)Oc(2))(n)H) and a phase change at ca. 40 OC (by differential scanning calorimetry). Thin films of H(Sn(n)Bu(2))(n)H and H(Sn(n)Oct(2))(n)H on glass slides were doped by exposure to SbF5 vapor to conductivities of 10(-2) and 0.3 S cm(-1), respectively. Preliminary experiments suggest that the dehydropolymerization occurs by a sigma-bond metathesis mechanism involving four-center transition states. A previous report on production of high molecular weight poly(dibutylstannane) by the reductive coupling of (n)Bu(2)SnCl(2) by Na/15-crown-5 was reinvestigated and found to produce only low molecular weight material with M(w)/M(n) = 2400/ 1200.
The synthesis and tin-119m mössbauer spectra of some diorganotin dihalide and dipseudohalide complexes with nitrogen- and oxygen-donor ligands
作者：Alan J. Crowe、Peter J. Smith
DOI：10.1016/s0022-328x(00)85834-9
日期：1982.1
The synthesis and 119mSnMössbauerspectra of 114 complexes of the type R2SnX2, L2 (R Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, n-Oct, Ph, Bz; X F, Cl, Br, I, NCS; L2 2 monodentate or 1 bidentate O- or N-donor ligand(s)), 74 of which are new, are reported. The majority of the complexes are isostructural, having an octahedral trans-R2SnX4 geometry about tin, whilst five of the diphenyltin complexes (R Ph; X Cl;
six-coordinate geometry. The ligand and itscomplexes (1–14) were screened for their antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic and antileishmanial activities and found to be biologically active. The ligand and itscomplexes bind to DNA via intercalative interactions resulting in hypochromism and minor bathochromic shifts as confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy. Based on in vitro studies such as the potato
十四种具有通式R 2 SnL 2或R 3 SnL的新有机锡（IV）配合物，其中R = CH 3，C 2 H 5，C 4 H 9，C 6 H 5，C 6 H 11，CH 2 -C 6 H 5，合成C（CH 3）3，C 8 H 17和L = N-[（2-甲氧基苯基）]-4-氧代-4- [氧]丁酰胺并通过元素分析，FT-IR，NMR（1 H，13 C和119Sn），质谱和单晶X射线结构分析。四种三有机锡（IV）配合物（R 3 SnL，R = CH 3，C 2 H 5，C 4 H 9，CH 2 –C 6 H 5）的晶体学数据表明，锡具有近似三角双锥体的几何形状，R基团位于三角平面。配体L的羧酸基桥接相邻的锡原子，从而形成聚合物链。对于二有机锡（IV）衍生物，根据光谱证据提出了锡原子处的六坐标几何结构。配合物7中的Me–Sn–Me键角由2 J确定[ 119 Sn– 1 H]值为166.3°，位于六坐标几何范围内。筛选了配体及其配合物（1
The interaction of organotin(iv) acceptors with 1,4-bis(5-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)butane-1,4-dioneCoordination chemistry of bis(pyrazolones): a rational design of nuclearity tailored polynuclear complexes. Part 2.22
From the interaction of organotin(IV) halides SnR2Cl2 with 1,4-bis(5-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)butane-1,4-dione (Q2QH2) in methanol in the presence of base the complexes [SnR2(Q2Q)] (1: R = isobutyl (Bui); 2: R = n-octyl (Ot); 3: R = n-dodecyl (Do)) have been synthesised. The reaction between equimolar quantities of R2SnO and Q2QH2 in toluene yields the dinuclear derivatives [SnR2(Q2Q)]24
