IDENTIFICATION: There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnants for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18), but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes have been shown to be highly bioaccumulative in fish, but less so in shrimp and algae. The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. The most highly chlorinated naphthalenes do not appear to bioaccumulate. Chlorinated naphthalene concn in fish range up to a maximum of around 300 ug/kg lipid weight. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene has demonstrated no mutagenicity in the Salmonella Ames test. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. Cattle developed severe systemic disease (bovine hyperkeratosis) during a 5-10 day oral exposure to 1.7-2.4 mg/kg bw/day of penta-, hexa-hepta- or octachlorinated naphthalenes. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. The higher chlorinated congeners appeared to be more toxic than the lower chlorinated ones. Long term and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. The amount of bioaccumulation observed increases with the amount of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes, but the most highly chlorinated naphthalenes (octachloronaphthalene) do not appear to bioaccumulate. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
One day after a single intraperitoneal injection in mice of 1 mg per animal the highest concentration of octachloronaphthalene was found in the adipose tissue: 2.1% of the dose. Lower concentrations were found in the liver (1.9%), spleen (0.80%), and kidneys (0.32%). The concentration in adipose tissue increased gradually up to day 7.
Tissue distribution and biological half lives of 1,8-dichloronaphthalene), 2,7-dichloronaphthalene, and octachloronaphthalene were investigated in mice. Pathogen free male JCL/ICR mice were given a single ip dose of 1 mg of 5 mg/ml 1,8-dichloronaphthalene, 2,7-dichloronaphthalene, or octachloronaphthalene dissolved in olive oil. Controls were injected with vehicle only. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation 3 and 6 hr and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after injection. The brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, testes, spleen, and adipose tissues were removed and the chloronaphthalenes were estimated by gas chromatography of tissue extracts. Biological half lives were calculated from elimination data. The highest percentage of each chloronaphthalene was found in the adipose tissue, attributable to lipophilic properties of chloronaphthalenes, and the lowest percentage was found in heart and brain tissues. The concentration of chloronaphthalenes in other tissues showed no fixed relationship. Octachloronaphthalene was present mostly in the adipose tissue, where little 1,8-dichloronaphthalene was present. The concentration of the three chloronaphthalenes, except for octachloronaphthalene in adipose tissues, increased to a maximum within 3 hr after dosing and decreased exponentially thereafter. The concentration of octachloronaphthalene increased gradually in adipose tissue up to day 7. The biological half life of 2,7-dichloronaphthalene was longer than that of 1,8-dichloronaphthalene in most of the tissues. It was concluded that the biological half life may be affected by the substituted position of chlorine in the chloronaphthalenes and that higher chlorinated naphthalenes are metabolized more slowly than lower chlorinated naphthalenes.
The uptake and elimination of three superlipophilic compounds (hexabromobenzene, PCB153, and octachloronaphthalene) after dietary uptake was studied in earthworms (Eisenia andrei). All three compounds were taken up from the food, although they did not significantly accumulate despite their hydrophobicity. Both uptake efficiencies (E) and biomagnification factors (BMF) were low. E varied between 0.70 and 7.5%, while BMF values were all below 0.17. The elimination of the compounds was slow, with elimination rate constants k2 varying between 0.04 and 0.09/day.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Emission Factors and Importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM<sub>10</sub> from the Domestic Burning of Coal and Wood in the U.K.
作者:Robert G. M. Lee、Peter Coleman、Joanne L. Jones、Kevin C. Jones、Rainer Lohmann
DOI:10.1021/es048745i
日期:2005.3.1
fuels. However, their combined emissions from the domestic burning of coal and wood would contribute only a few percent to annual U.K.emission estimates. Emissions of PAHs and PM10 were major contributors to U.K. national emission inventories. Major emissions were found from the domestic burning for Cl1,2,3DFs, while the contribution of PCDD/F-sigmaTEQ to total U.K.emissions was minor.
本文介绍了当煤和木材经过受控燃烧实验时针对一系列持久性有机污染物(POPs)得出的排放因子(EFs),旨在模拟空间供暖的家庭燃烧。排放了各种各样的持久性有机污染物,煤炭的排放量高于木材的排放量。对于颗粒物,PM10(大约10 g / kg燃料)和多环芳烃(对于sigmaPAHs大约100 mg / kg燃料)获得了最高的EF。对于氯化物,多氯联苯(PCB)的EF最高,而多氯萘(PCN),二苯并-对-二恶英(PCDD)和二苯并呋喃(PCDF)的丰度较低。对于sigmaPCB,EF大约为1000 ng / kg燃料,对于sigmaPCNs大约为100s ng / kg燃料,对于sigmaPCDD / Fs大约为100 ng / kg燃料。该研究证实,一氯化至三氯化二苯并呋喃Cl1,2,3DFs是低温燃烧过程(如煤炭和木材的国内燃烧)的有力指标。结论是,在固体燃料燃烧期间通常形成许多PCB和PC
Interaction of chloroaromatic compounds with alkali metal fluorides in the presence of crown-ethers
The influence of various crown-ethers on the reactions of polychloroaromatic compounds with alkalimetal fluorides (KF, RbF, CsF) has been studied. It is shown that the catalytic effect of the crown-ether is almost independent of the nature of the polychloroaromatic substrate and that it is most effective only in a definite range of reaction rates.
Low temperature Kumada–Corriu cross-coupling of polychlorinated acene derivatives and a synthesis of sterically demanding acenes
作者:Elisey Yagodkin、Christopher J. Douglas
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.03.121
日期:2010.6
linear acenes for organic materials applications. Treatment of polychlorinated acenes with the PEPPSI-IPr catalyst and MeMgBr undergo 6–8 concurrent coupling reactions to yield products such as octamethylnaphthalene, which is distorted out of planarity due to the steric interaction between the methyl groups. More sterically demanding Grignard reagents such as PhMgBr coupled cleanly with 9,10-dichloroanthracene
Synthesis of Decorated Carbon Structures with Encapsulated Components by Low-Voltage Electric Discharge Treatment
作者:I. V. Bodrikov、E. Yu. Titov、A. V. Vorotyntsev、V. I. Pryakhina、D. Yu. Titov
DOI:10.1134/s0018143922010039
日期:2022.2
Abstract
Polycondensation of complexes of chloromethanes with triphenylphosphine by the action of low-voltage electric discharges in the liquid phase gives nanosized solid products. The elemental composition involving the generation of element distribution maps (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy mapping) and the component composition (by direct evolved gas analysis–mass spectrometry) of the solid products have been studied. The elemental and component compositions of the result-ing structures vary widely depending on the chlorine content in the substrate and on the amount of triphenylphosphine taken. Thermal desorption analysis revealed abnormal behavior of HCl and benzene present in the solid products. In thermal desorption spectra, these components appear at an uncharacteristically high temperature. The observed anomaly in the behavior of HCl is due to HCl binding into a complex of the solid anion $$\textHCl}}_2}^ - }$$ with triphenyl(chloromethyl)phosphonium chloride, which requires a relatively high temperature (up to 800 K) to decompose. The abnormal behavior of benzene is associated with its encapsulated state in nanostructures. The appearance of benzene begins at 650 K and continues up to temperatures above 1300 K.
摘要
在液相低压放电的作用下,氯甲烷与三苯基膦的络合物发生缩聚反应,生成纳米级固体产物。通过生成元素分布图(扫描电子显微镜-能量色散 X 射线光谱图)研究了固体产物的元素组成,并通过直接进化气体分析-质谱法研究了固体产物的成分组成。根据基质中氯的含量和三苯基膦的用量,生成物结构的元素和成分组成变化很大。热解吸分析表明,固体产品中的盐酸和苯的行为异常。在热解吸光谱中,这些成分出现在异常高的温度下。观察到的 HCl 行为异常是由于 HCl 与三苯基(氯甲基)氯化磷结合成了固体阴离子 $$\HCl}}_2}^ - }$$ 的复合物,这种复合物需要相对较高的温度(高达 800 K)才能分解。苯的异常行为与其在纳米结构中的封装状态有关。苯的出现从 650 K 开始,一直持续到 1300 K 以上的温度。