Evolution of a 4-Benzyloxy-benzylamino Chemotype to Provide Efficacious, Potent, and Isoform Selective PPARα Agonists as Leads for Retinal Disorders
摘要:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) is expressed in retinal Muller cells, endothelial cells, and in retinal pigment epithelium; agonism of PPAR alpha with genetic or pharmacological tools ameliorates inflammation, vascular leakage, neurodegeneration, and neovascularization associated with retinal diseases in animal models. As such, PPAR alpha is a promising drug target for diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Herein, we report proof-of-concept in vivo efficacy in an streptozotocin-induced vascular leakage model (rat) and preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of a first-generation lead 4a (A91). Additionally, we present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of second-generation analogues, which led to the discovery of 4u and related compounds that reach cellular potencies <50 nM and exhibit >2,700-fold selectivity for PPAR alpha over other PPAR isoforms. These studies identify a pipeline of candidates positioned for detailed PK/PD and pre-clinical evaluation.
starting materials for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Methods: Biaryl-methoxybenzaldehydes and pyridyl-aryl-methoxybenzaldehydes were synthesized by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions as intermediates of potential drug substances. Three different catalytic approaches were compared. The classical Suzuki method utilising tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and sodium ethoxide, the
A nickelcatalyzed synthesis of α-aryl-α-trifluoromethyl alcohols B is presented that exploits the condensation of iodoarenes and the redox active ether A via cross-electrophile coupling. A mechanistic study was conducted using a comprehensive computational investigation that was also supported by ad hoc control experiments and showed that the key 1,2-HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer) event results in the
提出了一种镍催化合成 α-芳基-α-三氟甲醇B的方法,该方法利用碘芳烃和氧化还原活性醚A通过交叉亲电子偶联进行缩合。使用综合计算研究进行了机械研究,该研究也得到了特别控制实验的支持,结果表明关键的 1,2-HAT(氢原子转移)事件导致形成以 C 为中心的自由基C' ,该自由基模仿了三氟乙醛的反应活性。