Effects of Molecular Geometry on the STM Image Contrast of Methyl- and Bromo-Substituted Alkanes and Alkanols on Graphite
摘要:
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images have been collected for a series of substituted alkanes and alkanols that form ordered overlayers at room temperature on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite surfaces. Molecules that have been imaged possess an internal bromide, with or without terminal alcohol groups (HO(CH2)(9)CHBr(CH2)(10)OH and H3C(CH2)(16)CHBr(CH2)(16)CH3), an internal -OH group (H3C(CH2)(16)CHOH(CH2)(16)CH3), and an internal methyl group (H3C(CH2)(16)CHCH3(CH2)(16)CH3). These data allow comparison to the STM image contrast reported previously for molecules in which -OH, -Br, and -CH3 groups were located in terminal positions of alkane chains adsorbed onto graphite surfaces. When the functional groups were in gauche positions relative to the alkyl chain, and thus produced molecular features that protruded toward the tip, the functional groups were observed to produce bright regions in a constant current STM image, regardless of the STM contrast behavior observed for these same functional groups when they were in terminal positions of adsorbed alkyl chains. These observations are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions of the STM behavior of such systems. Additionally, several interesting packing structures have been observed that have yielded insight into the intermolecular forces that control the packing displayed by these overlayers.
Metathesis of unsaturated fatty acids: Synthesis of long-chain unsaturated-α,ω-dicarboxylic acids
作者:Helen L. Ngo、Kerby Jones、Thomas A. Foglia
DOI:10.1007/s11746-006-1249-0
日期:2006.7
AbstractThe self‐metathesis of readily available monounsaturated FA has the potential of being an important pathway for the synthesis of symmetrical long‐chain unsaturated‐α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids (C18−C26). Previous studies on the self‐metathesis of monounsaturated FA esters using ruthenium catalysts in solution, however, suffered from low conversions as a result of the thermodynamic control of the reaction. We have found that the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst can effectively catalyze the solvent‐free self‐metathesis of monounsaturated FA of varying purity (from 90 to 99%) to afford two important products—monounsaturated dicarboxylic acids and hydrocarbons—in very high molar conversions (>80%). This solvent‐free self‐metathesis reaction also works for monounsaturated FA containing additional functional groups. Reactions were conducted at catalyst loadings as low as 0.005 mol%, and turnover numbers as high as 10,800 could be obtained. This discovery represents an attractive approach to the large‐scale production of useful monounsaturated‐α,ω‐dicarboxylic acids and long‐chain unsaturated hydrocarbons by means of this solvent‐free ruthenium‐catalyzed self‐metathesis of readily available monounsaturated FA.
Lewis acid-modified mesoporous alumina: A new catalyst carrier for methyltrioxorhenium in metathesis of olefins bearing functional groups
chloride-modified mesoporous alumina catalyzed the metathesis of olefins with functional groups such as acetoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, chlorine, and bromine groups under mild conditions. The novel heterogeneous catalytic system promoted the metathesis of not only such functionalized olefins but also simple olefins without double bond migration that was often encountered on strong solid acids. We here present a new
Effects of Molecular Geometry on the STM Image Contrast of Methyl- and Bromo-Substituted Alkanes and Alkanols on Graphite
作者:Christopher L. Claypool、Francesco Faglioni、Adam J. Matzger、William A. Goddard、Nathan S. Lewis
DOI:10.1021/jp992257t
日期:1999.11.1
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images have been collected for a series of substituted alkanes and alkanols that form ordered overlayers at room temperature on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite surfaces. Molecules that have been imaged possess an internal bromide, with or without terminal alcohol groups (HO(CH2)(9)CHBr(CH2)(10)OH and H3C(CH2)(16)CHBr(CH2)(16)CH3), an internal -OH group (H3C(CH2)(16)CHOH(CH2)(16)CH3), and an internal methyl group (H3C(CH2)(16)CHCH3(CH2)(16)CH3). These data allow comparison to the STM image contrast reported previously for molecules in which -OH, -Br, and -CH3 groups were located in terminal positions of alkane chains adsorbed onto graphite surfaces. When the functional groups were in gauche positions relative to the alkyl chain, and thus produced molecular features that protruded toward the tip, the functional groups were observed to produce bright regions in a constant current STM image, regardless of the STM contrast behavior observed for these same functional groups when they were in terminal positions of adsorbed alkyl chains. These observations are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions of the STM behavior of such systems. Additionally, several interesting packing structures have been observed that have yielded insight into the intermolecular forces that control the packing displayed by these overlayers.