5-Substituted 2-Aminopyridine C-Nucleosides as Protonated Cytidine Equivalents: Increasing Efficiency and Selectivity in DNA Triple-Helix Formation
摘要:
The easily accessible C-nucleoside 2-amino-5-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)py (P) and its 3-methyl (P-Me) and 2'-O-methyl (P-OMe) derivatives were synthesized and incorporated as protonated cytidine equivalents in homopyrimidine oligodeoxynucleotides. T-m measurements indicate that oligonucleotides containing P or P-Me have a higher affinity to double-stranded DNA over the pH range of 6-8 than, 5-methylcytidine (C-Me) containing oligonucleotides. This increase in stability is most pronounced above pH 7.0. The average increase in T-m/modification for the dissociation of oligonucleotide d((TTTTTPTPTPTPTPT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) from a 21-mer target duplex at pH 7.5 is 2.3 degrees C relative to oligonucleotide. d((TTTTTCTCTCTCTCT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me). The pH dependence and sequence composition effects are much less pronounced for P-Me (and also P) containing oligonucleotides than for C-Me containing ones. While oligonucleotide d((TTTCCCCTTTTCTTT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me) shows no longer any affinity to the target duplex above pH 6.5, oligonucleotide d((TTTPPPPTTTTPTTT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) displays preserved binding with a T-m of 32.5 degrees C at pH 7.0 and even binds with a T-m of 23.3 degrees C at pH 8.0. Oligonucleotides containing P-OMe show distinctly less stable triple helices. The average decrease in T-m/modification for oligonucleotide d(TTTPTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeT) at pH 6.5 is 6.7 degrees C relative to the C-Me containing oligonucleotide. DNase I footprint titration experiments indicate that d((TTTTTPTPTPTPTPT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) binds not only five times stronger to a 229 base pair DNA fragment than d((TTTTTCTCTCTCTCT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me) but also with higher selectivity; UV-melting experiments show that duplexes of d(TTTTTCTXTCTCTCT) (where X = P, P-Me, or P-OMe) With their antiparallel Watson-Crick complement are dramatically less stable (Delta T-m < -12 degrees C) at pH 8.0 than the corresponding natural duplex. Thus the new bases P and P-Me show Hoogsteen specific pairing behavior.
Towards the total synthesis of chondrochloren A: synthesis of the (<i>Z</i>)-enamide fragment
作者:Jan Geldsetzer、Markus Kalesse
DOI:10.3762/bjoc.16.64
日期:——
The stereoselective synthesis of the (Z)-enamide fragment of chondrochloren (1) is described. A Buchwald-type coupling between amide 3 and (Z)-bromide 4 was used to generate the required fragment. The employed amide 3 comprising three chiral centers was obtained through a seven-step sequence starting from ᴅ-ribonic acid-1,4-lactone. The (Z)-vinyl bromide 4 is accessible in four steps from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Transition State of ADP-Ribosylation of Acetyllysine Catalyzed by Archaeoglobus fulgidus Sir2 Determined by Kinetic Isotope Effects and Computational Approaches
作者:Yana Cen、Anthony A. Sauve
DOI:10.1021/ja910342d
日期:2010.9.8
Sirtuins are protein-modifying enzymes distributed throughout all forms of life. These enzymes bind NAD(+), a universal metabolite, and react it with acetyllysine residues to effect deacetylation of protein side chains. This NAD(+)-dependent deacetylation reaction has been observed for sirtuin enzymes derived from archaeal, eubacterial, yeast, metazoan, and mammalian species, suggesting conserved chemical mechanisms for these enzymes. The first chemical step of deacetylation is the reaction of NAD(+) with an acetyllysine residue which forms an enzyme-bound ADPR-peptidylimidate intermediate and nicotinamide. In this manuscript, the transition state for the ADP-ribosylation of acetyllysine is solved for an Archaeoglobus fulgidus sirtuin (Af2Sir2). Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were obtained by the competitive substrate method and were [1(N)-N-15] = 1.024(2), [1'(N)-C-14] = 1.014(4), [1'(N)-H-3] = 1.300(3), [2'(N)-H-3] = 1.099(5), [4'(N)-H-3] = 0.997(2), [5'(N)-H-3] = 1.020(5), [4'(N)-O-18] = 0.984(5). KIEs were calculated for candidate transition state structures using computational methods (Gaussian 03 and ISOEFF 98) in order to match computed and experimentally determined KIEs to solve the transition state. The results indicate that the enzyme stabilizes a highly dissociated oxocarbenium ionlike transition state with very low bond orders to the leaving group nicotinamide and the nucleophile acetyllysine. A concerted yet highly asynchronous substitution mechanism forms the ADPR-peptidylimidate intermediate of the sirtuin deacetylation reaction.
5-Substituted 2-Aminopyridine <i>C</i>-Nucleosides as Protonated Cytidine Equivalents: Increasing Efficiency and Selectivity in DNA Triple-Helix Formation
作者:Stefan Hildbrand、Adrian Blaser、Serge P. Parel、Christian J. Leumann
DOI:10.1021/ja9704904
日期:1997.6.1
The easily accessible C-nucleoside 2-amino-5-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)py (P) and its 3-methyl (P-Me) and 2'-O-methyl (P-OMe) derivatives were synthesized and incorporated as protonated cytidine equivalents in homopyrimidine oligodeoxynucleotides. T-m measurements indicate that oligonucleotides containing P or P-Me have a higher affinity to double-stranded DNA over the pH range of 6-8 than, 5-methylcytidine (C-Me) containing oligonucleotides. This increase in stability is most pronounced above pH 7.0. The average increase in T-m/modification for the dissociation of oligonucleotide d((TTTTTPTPTPTPTPT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) from a 21-mer target duplex at pH 7.5 is 2.3 degrees C relative to oligonucleotide. d((TTTTTCTCTCTCTCT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me). The pH dependence and sequence composition effects are much less pronounced for P-Me (and also P) containing oligonucleotides than for C-Me containing ones. While oligonucleotide d((TTTCCCCTTTTCTTT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me) shows no longer any affinity to the target duplex above pH 6.5, oligonucleotide d((TTTPPPPTTTTPTTT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) displays preserved binding with a T-m of 32.5 degrees C at pH 7.0 and even binds with a T-m of 23.3 degrees C at pH 8.0. Oligonucleotides containing P-OMe show distinctly less stable triple helices. The average decrease in T-m/modification for oligonucleotide d(TTTPTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeTPOMeT) at pH 6.5 is 6.7 degrees C relative to the C-Me containing oligonucleotide. DNase I footprint titration experiments indicate that d((TTTTTPTPTPTPTPT)-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me-P-Me) binds not only five times stronger to a 229 base pair DNA fragment than d((TTTTTCTCTCTCTCT)-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me-C-Me) but also with higher selectivity; UV-melting experiments show that duplexes of d(TTTTTCTXTCTCTCT) (where X = P, P-Me, or P-OMe) With their antiparallel Watson-Crick complement are dramatically less stable (Delta T-m < -12 degrees C) at pH 8.0 than the corresponding natural duplex. Thus the new bases P and P-Me show Hoogsteen specific pairing behavior.
The first totalsynthesis of chondrochloren A is accomplished using a 1,2‐metallate rearrangement addition as an alternative for the Nozaki‐Hiyama‐Kishi reaction. This transformation also avoids the inherent challenges of this polyketide segment and provides a new, unprecedented strategy to assemble polyketidal frameworks. The formation of the Z‐enamide is accomplished using a Z‐selective cross coupling