毒理性
氯化硫的急性毒性很高。在头部暴露于氯化硫蒸气的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠中,4小时半数致死浓度(4 h-LC50)为878 mg/m3。临床体征包括鼻涕和眼部刺激。在人类中,吸入氯化硫蒸气后,有报告称会出现迟发性肺水肿。氯化硫在潮湿空气中缓慢水解,并与水剧烈反应,形成氯磺酸、盐酸和硫酸。由于这种水解反应,氯化硫对皮肤、眼睛和呼吸道具有腐蚀性。关于氯化硫的致敏特性的研究尚不可用。硫酸和盐酸的水解产物在人类和实验动物中没有显示出致敏潜力。在大鼠中进行的一项为期14天的氯化硫吸入研究中,由于在最低暴露水平17 mg/m3时仍观察到肺炎,因此无法得出无观察到有害作用浓度(NOAEC)。报告的效应与其他关于氯化硫及其水解产物盐酸、硫酸和氯磺酸的化学和生物性质的所有证据一致,即氯化硫及其水解产物的腐蚀性。使用硫酸进行的实验得出的最低观察到有害作用浓度(LOAEC)在0.3 mg/m3范围内,使用盐酸进行的90天实验得出的LOAEC为15 mg/m3。所有发现都局限于首次接触的部位,并且可以通过酸的刺激/腐蚀性质来解释。氯化硫以及水解产物盐酸、硫酸和氯磺酸都被归类为腐蚀性物质,而盐酸和氯磺酸被归类为对呼吸道的刺激性物质。没有报告主要的系统性影响。在沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的Ames测试中,氯化硫没有显示出致突变活性。在只有一个测试菌株且没有代谢激活的情况下观察到轻微的致突变活性。然而,这一结果在进一步的测试中未能重现。由于氯化硫分解成酸,pH的变化可能会诱导体外和体内的基因毒性效应,如染色体畸变和其他DNA损伤。没有确定与氯化硫进行的致癌性研究。水解产物盐酸和硫酸在实验室动物终生暴露后没有明确显示出肿瘤发生率增加的迹象。关于氯化硫对生育和发育影响的研究尚不可用,对于硫酸和盐酸的水解产物也没有生育影响的数据。关于发育毒性,硫酸的水解产物在通过吸入暴露的小鼠和兔子中没有显示出不良影响。由于氯化硫是一种在入口处起作用的毒物,而且它不太可能到达生殖器官或胚胎/胎儿,因此哺乳动物在通过任何途径暴露于氯化硫后不太可能出现对繁殖或发育的毒性。在人类中,几项流行病学研究建议,暴露于含有硫酸的强无机酸雾与喉癌发生率增加有关。国际癌症研究机构(IARC,1992年)得出结论,职业暴露于含有硫酸的强无机酸雾对人类具有致癌性(1组)。有人担心无法完全排除混杂因素。这些效应可能是长期暴露于强酸后的预期继发现象,由于细胞毒性和随后增加细胞增殖的刺激。
The acute toxicity of sulfuryl chloride following inhalation is high. In male Sprague-Dawley rats with head-only exposure to vapor a 4 h-LC50 of 878 mg/m3 was calculated. Clinical signs included nasal discharge and eye irritation. In humans, pulmonary edema of delayed onset has been reported after inhalation of sulfuryl chloride vapor. Sulfuryl chloride hydrolyzes slowly in moist air and reacts violently with water, forming chlorosulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Due to this hydrolytic reaction, sulfuryl chloride is corrosive to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Studies with sulfuryl chloride concerning sensitizing properties are not available. The hydrolysis products sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid gave no indication for a sensitizing potential in humans and experimental animals. From a 14-day inhalation study with sulfuryl chloride in rats, a NOAEC could not be derived, since pneumonitis was still observed at the lowest exposure level of 17 mg/m3. The reported effects are in line with all other evidence regarding the chemical and biological properties, i.e. corrosivity of sulfuryl chloride and its hydrolysis products hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and chlorosulfonic acid. Studies performed with sulfuric acid gave LOAECs in the range of 0.3 mg/m3, the LOAEC found in a 90-day study with hydrochloric acid was 15 mg/m3. All findings were confined to the site of first contact and can be explained by the irritating/corrosive properties of the acid. Sulfuryl chloride as well as the hydrolysis products hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid are all classified as corrosive and hydrochloric acid and chlorosulfonic acid are classified as irritant to the respiratory tract. No primary systemic effects were reported. Sulfuryl chloride did not show mutagenic activity in Ames tests with Salmonella typhimurium. A slight mutagenic activity was observed in only one tester strain without metabolic activation. However, this result was found to be not reproducible in further tests. As sulfuryl chloride decomposes to acids, the resulting change in pH may induce genotoxic effects such as chromosomal aberrations and other DNA damage in vitro and in vivo at the portal-ofentry. No carcinogenicity studies with sulfuryl chloride were identified. The hydrolysis products hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid gave no clear indications for an increased tumor incidence after life-time exposure in laboratory animals. Studies with sulfuryl chloride concerning effects on fertility and development were not available and there were also no data on fertility effects for the hydrolysis products sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Concerning developmental toxicity, the hydrolysis product sulfuric acid gave no indication for adverse effects in mice and rabbits after exposure via inhalation. Because sulfuryl chloride is a toxicant acting at the portal-of-entry, and because it is unlikely to reach the reproductive organs or the embryo/fetus, toxicity to reproduction or developmental toxicity in mammals are not likely to occur following exposure to sulfuryl chloride by any route. In humans, several epidemiological studies have suggested a relationship between exposure to strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid and an increased incidence of laryngeal cancer. IARC (1992) has concluded that occupational exposure to strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Concerns have been raised that confounding factors could not be fully excluded. The effects might be a secondary finding to be expected after prolonged exposure to strong acid due to the cytotoxicity and consequent stimulus to increased cell proliferation.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)