Unusual Adsorption at the Air–Water Interface of a Zwitterionic Carboxybetaine with a Large Charge Separation
摘要:
The structures of layers of three different dodecylcarboxybetaine surfactants adsorbed at the air water interface have been determined by neutron reflection. The zwitterionic compounds differed in the length of the spacer separating the quaternary ammonium and carboxylate groups, which was (CH2)(1), (CH2)(4), or (CH2)(8). The limiting area per molecule was found to be 45, 52, or 84 angstrom(2), respectively, and compared reasonably with results from surface tension showing that the Gibbs prefactor is 1 in each case. Isotopic labeling was used to distinguish between the position of the alkyl and spacer groups in the layer. The spacer was found to be well-immersed in water for the (CH2)(1) and (CH2)(4) spacers but significantly above water for the (CH2)(8) spacer. The distribution of the (CH2)(8) spacer along the surface normal was found to be similar to that of the dodecyl group; i.e., it projects out of the water, contrary to an earlier hypothesis that it forms a loop. Comparison of the overlap of water with dodecyl and spacer groups also indicates that the (CH2)(8) spacer is well out of the water. This in turn suggests that the anionic carboxylic acid group, which is dissociated in solution, is not ionized in the adsorbed layer. A further observation is that the dodecylcarboxybetaine with the (CH2)(8) spacer reaches surface saturation at one-tenth of the critical micelle concentration. This is highly unusual and is attributed to the long spacer destabilizing the micelle relative to the surface layer.
[EN] SUBSTITUTED DIPHENYLPYRAZINE DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE DIPHÉNYLPYRAZINE SUBSTITUÉS
申请人:CONCERT PHARMACEUTICALS INC
公开号:WO2011017612A1
公开(公告)日:2011-02-10
This invention relates to novel substituted diphenylpyrazines and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. This invention also provides compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating diseases and conditions that are beneficially treated by administering a PGI2 receptor agonist.
Unusual Adsorption at the Air–Water Interface of a Zwitterionic Carboxybetaine with a Large Charge Separation
作者:Kun Ma、Pei Xun Li、Chu Chuan Dong、Robert K. Thomas、Jeffrey Penfold
DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00074
日期:2016.4.12
The structures of layers of three different dodecylcarboxybetaine surfactants adsorbed at the air water interface have been determined by neutron reflection. The zwitterionic compounds differed in the length of the spacer separating the quaternary ammonium and carboxylate groups, which was (CH2)(1), (CH2)(4), or (CH2)(8). The limiting area per molecule was found to be 45, 52, or 84 angstrom(2), respectively, and compared reasonably with results from surface tension showing that the Gibbs prefactor is 1 in each case. Isotopic labeling was used to distinguish between the position of the alkyl and spacer groups in the layer. The spacer was found to be well-immersed in water for the (CH2)(1) and (CH2)(4) spacers but significantly above water for the (CH2)(8) spacer. The distribution of the (CH2)(8) spacer along the surface normal was found to be similar to that of the dodecyl group; i.e., it projects out of the water, contrary to an earlier hypothesis that it forms a loop. Comparison of the overlap of water with dodecyl and spacer groups also indicates that the (CH2)(8) spacer is well out of the water. This in turn suggests that the anionic carboxylic acid group, which is dissociated in solution, is not ionized in the adsorbed layer. A further observation is that the dodecylcarboxybetaine with the (CH2)(8) spacer reaches surface saturation at one-tenth of the critical micelle concentration. This is highly unusual and is attributed to the long spacer destabilizing the micelle relative to the surface layer.