Described herein are substrates, sensors and systems related to measuring the concentration of an analyte such as hydrogen ion in a sample. Redox active moieties whose reduction and/or oxidation potentials are sensitive to the presence of an analyte are immobilized onto a silicon surface. Immobilized redox active moieties whose reduction and/or oxidation potential are insensitive to the analyte can be used for reference. Voltammetric measurements made using such modified silicon surfaces can accurately determine the presence and/or concentrations of analytes in a sample of interest. The silicon electrochemical sensors of the invention are robust and can be made so as not to require calibration or re-calibration.
                            本文描述了与测量样品中分析物(如氢离子)浓度相关的基板、传感器和系统。将还原和/或氧化电位对分析物敏感的氧化还原活性基固定在
硅表面上。固定的还原和/或氧化电位对分析物不敏感的氧化还原活性基可用于参考。使用这种改性的
硅表面进行的伏安测量可以准确地确定感兴趣的样品中分析物的存在和/或浓度。本发明的
硅电
化学传感器坚固耐用,可以制成无需校准或重新校准的形式。