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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 染料及颜料 染料

    染料

    染料是指能使纤维等物料坚牢着色的有机物质。种类繁多，根据来源可分为天然染料和合成染料两大类。

    一、按来源分类

    • 天然染料：由动物、植物及矿物中提取。
      • 植物染料：从某些植物的根、茎、叶及果实中提取，如靛蓝（蓝色）、姜黄素（黄色）、茜素（红色）等。
      • 动物染料：从动物躯体内提取，如胭脂红。
      • 矿物染料：从有色无机物中提取，如铬黄、群青、锰棕。

    天然染料虽然种类丰富，但由于色谱不全、应用不便及牢度差等缺点，多数已被合成染料取代。

    • 合成染料（又称人造染料）：主要由煤焦油或石油分馏产品经化学加工而成。由于早期合成染料多以苯胺为原料制成，因此也称为“苯胺染料”。与天然染料相比，合成染料种类多样、色彩丰富且耐洗耐晒，是当前的主要染料类型。

    二、按分子结构分类

    • 偶氮染料
    • 葸醌染料
    • 酞菁染料
    • 芳甲烷染料
    • 硝基染料

    三、按应用方法分类

    • 酸性染料
    • 碱性染料
    • 硫化染料
    • 活性染料
    • 分散性染料
    • 直接染料

    四、染料的性质与用途

    染料种类繁多，性质各异，用途广泛。作为物证时，通常固着在纺织纤维或纸张上，或作为墨水、印油、圆珠笔油、油墨的一种组织成分。检验方法包括微量化学法、薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、紫外-可见吸收光谱法及荧光光谱法。

    五、染料行业发展

    20世纪70年代至90年代，世界染料行业以开发新品种和提高质量为主，年产量保持在100万吨左右。中国染料行业自80年代以来快速发展，90年代至今侧重于提高质量，产量每年维持在30万吨上下，2000年的产量为31.56万吨。

    纺织品染色是染料的主要用途之一，占总量的约85%，其余用于皮革、塑料、纸张及涂料等的着色。

    下级分类

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Disperse Orange 25 31482-56-1 C17H17N5O2
    Disperse Orange 25
    —— brilliant blue R 6104-59-2 C45H44N3O7S2*Na
    brilliant blue R
    —— 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylazo)acetanilide 2832-40-8 C15H15N3O2
    4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylazo)acetanilide
    —— acid blue 62 4368-56-3 C20H19N2O5S*Na
    acid blue 62
    —— Oxazine 4 perchlorate 41830-81-3 C18H22ClN3O5
    Oxazine 4 perchlorate
    —— Bis(malachite green cation) bis(oxalic acid) oxalate ion 2437-29-8 C52H54N4O12
    Bis(malachite green cation) bis(oxalic acid) oxalate ion
    —— acid blue 129 6397-02-0 C23H19N2O5S*Na
    acid blue 129
    —— 4.4'.7.7'-Tetramethyl-5.5'-dichlorthioindigo 2379-75-1 C20H14Cl2O2S2
    4.4'.7.7'-Tetramethyl-5.5'-dichlorthioindigo
    —— Remastral blue ffrl 1324-58-9 C34H19Cl2N4Na3O11S3
    Remastral blue ffrl
    —— Reactive Blue 74 12677-16-6 C28H23ClN6Na2O9S2
    Reactive Blue 74
    —— 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-N-methylsulfonylanilino)-N-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]acetamide 6471-01-8 C19H24N2O5S
    2-(2,5-dimethoxy-N-methylsulfonylanilino)-N-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]acetamide
    —— Acid Red 60 5850-64-6 C20H14N2O11S3
    Acid Red 60
    —— Acid Violet 1694-09-3 C39H41N3O6S2
    Acid Violet
    —— Benzyl Violet 4B 1694-09-3 C39H40N3NaO6S2
    Benzyl Violet 4B
    —— Direct yellow 12 10359-84-9 C30H28N4O8S2
    Direct yellow 12
    —— 4-dimethylamino-t-azobenzene cation radical 60-11-7 C14H15N3
    4-dimethylamino-t-azobenzene cation radical
    —— 4-[4-[Acetyl(methyl)amino]anilino]-1-amino-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonate 2666-17-3 C23H18N3O6S-
    4-[4-[Acetyl(methyl)amino]anilino]-1-amino-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonate
    —— Solvent Yellow 93 4702-90-3 C21H18N4O2
    Solvent Yellow 93
    —— Naphthol Green B 19381-50-1 C30H15FeN3Na3O15S3
    Naphthol Green B
    —— N-[4-chloro-3-[[4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]amino]phenyl]-2-[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenoxy]-tetradecanamide 61354-99-2 C39H48Cl4N4O4
    N-[4-chloro-3-[[4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]amino]phenyl]-2-[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenoxy]-tetradecanamide
    —— methylidene-bis-4,4'-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenylpyrazole) 4702-90-3 C21H18N4O2
    methylidene-bis-4,4'-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenylpyrazole)
    —— 2,5-dichloro-4-[(2Z)-2-(5-imino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-4-ylidene)hydrazinyl]benzenesulfonic acid 12239-15-5 C16H13Cl2N5O3S
    2,5-dichloro-4-[(2Z)-2-(5-imino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-4-ylidene)hydrazinyl]benzenesulfonic acid
    —— (4E)-4-(naphthalen-1-ylhydrazinylidene)naphthalen-1-one 2653-72-7 C20H14N2O
    (4E)-4-(naphthalen-1-ylhydrazinylidene)naphthalen-1-one
    —— Acid Brown M 5850-16-8 C26H16N4Na2O8S2
    Acid Brown M
    —— Chlorazol Blue RW 2586-57-4 C34H25N5Na2O10S2
    Chlorazol Blue RW
    —— Brilliant Yellow 3051-11-4 C26H18N4Na2O8S2
    Brilliant Yellow
    —— Direct black 19 135151-56-3 C34H27N13Na2O7S2
    Direct black 19
    —— 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 4-amino-3-(2-(4-((4-(2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)amino)-3-sulfophenyl)diazenyl)-5-hydroxy-6-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:3) 85631-88-5 C34H24N9Na3O11S3
    2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 4-amino-3-(2-(4-((4-(2-(2-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)amino)-3-sulfophenyl)diazenyl)-5-hydroxy-6-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:3)
    —— Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-3-((4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate 5850-64-6 C20H11N2Na3O11S3
    Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-3-((4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate
    —— Disodium;2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)-(4-imino-3-methyl-5-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]benzenesulfonate 3244-88-0 C20H18N3Na2O9S3+
    Disodium;2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)-(4-imino-3-methyl-5-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]benzenesulfonate
    —— brilliant blue 2650-18-2 C37H36N2O9S3*2H3N
    brilliant blue
    —— C.I. Direct Yellow 12 2870-32-8 C30H28N4NaO8S2+
    C.I. Direct Yellow 12
    —— Coomassie Blue 3861-73-2 C26H19N3NaO10S3+
    Coomassie Blue
    —— C.I. Direct Yellow 50, tetrasodium salt 3214-47-9 C35H28N6NaO13S4+
    C.I. Direct Yellow 50, tetrasodium salt
    —— Lissamine Fast Yellow 6359-98-4 C16H12Cl2N4NaO7S2+
    Lissamine Fast Yellow
    —— Solway Celestol B 6408-51-1 C22H18N2NaO5S+
    Solway Celestol B
    —— Mikacion Yellow RS 12226-45-8 C20H14Cl2N6NaO6S2+
    Mikacion Yellow RS
    —— Disodium 5-((3-carboxylato-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylsalicylate 1796-92-5 C23H14Cl2Na2O6
    Disodium 5-((3-carboxylato-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylsalicylate
    —— Disodium;4-[4-[(4-amino-3-methyl-5-sulfophenyl)-[4-(4-sulfophenyl)iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]anilino]benzenesulfonate 28631-66-5 C32H26N3Na2O9S3+
    Disodium;4-[4-[(4-amino-3-methyl-5-sulfophenyl)-[4-(4-sulfophenyl)iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]anilino]benzenesulfonate
    —— Disodium;4-[2-[4,6-dioxo-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazinylidene]cyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene]hydrazinyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonate 5850-15-7 C22H14N4Na2O8S2
    Disodium;4-[2-[4,6-dioxo-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazinylidene]cyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene]hydrazinyl]naphthalene-1-sulfonate
    —— disodium;6-methyl-2-[2-[4-[[4-[6-(6-methyl-7-sulfonato-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]phenyl]diazenyl]phenyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]-1,3-benzothiazole-7-sulfonate 6537-66-2 C42H24N6Na2O6S6
    disodium;6-methyl-2-[2-[4-[[4-[6-(6-methyl-7-sulfonato-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]phenyl]diazenyl]phenyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]-1,3-benzothiazole-7-sulfonate
    —— Benzenesulfonic acid,2,5-dichloro-4-[4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-, disodium salt 6359-98-4 C16H12Cl2N4NaO7S2
    Benzenesulfonic acid,2,5-dichloro-4-[4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-, disodium salt
    —— Disodium 4-[[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate 5850-15-7 C22H14N4Na2O8S2
    Disodium 4-[[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate
    —— 2-[5-[3-(5-Carboxypentyl)-1,1-dimethyl-6,8-disulfobenzo[e]indol-3-ium-2-yl]penta-2,4-dienylidene]-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-8-sulfobenzo[e]indole-6-sulfonate 210892-23-2 C41H44N2O14S4
    2-[5-[3-(5-Carboxypentyl)-1,1-dimethyl-6,8-disulfobenzo[e]indol-3-ium-2-yl]penta-2,4-dienylidene]-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-8-sulfobenzo[e]indole-6-sulfonate
    —— Basic red 22 23354-43-0 C13H20N6O4S
    Basic red 22
    —— Disodium 2-[[1-(2,5-dichloro-4-sulphonatophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate 12220-64-3 C20H12Cl2N4Na2O7S2
    Disodium 2-[[1-(2,5-dichloro-4-sulphonatophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate
    —— Disodium 2-[4-[[1-[[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulphonatophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-oxopropyl]azo]phenyl]-6-methylbenzothiazole-7-sulphonate 72705-26-1 C26H22N4Na2O9S3
    Disodium 2-[4-[[1-[[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulphonatophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-oxopropyl]azo]phenyl]-6-methylbenzothiazole-7-sulphonate
    —— Acid Blue 40 6424-85-7 C22H16N3O6S*Na
    Acid Blue 40
    —— acid blue 25 6408-78-2 C20H13N2O5S*Na
    acid blue 25
    —— 5,5'-diamino-6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3'-bipyridylidene-2,2'-quinone 2435-59-8 C10H8N4O4
    5,5'-diamino-6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3'-bipyridylidene-2,2'-quinone