染料是指能使纤维等物料坚牢着色的有机物质。种类繁多,根据来源可分为天然染料和合成染料两大类。
一、按来源分类
天然染料虽然种类丰富,但由于色谱不全、应用不便及牢度差等缺点,多数已被合成染料取代。
二、按分子结构分类
三、按应用方法分类
四、染料的性质与用途
染料种类繁多,性质各异,用途广泛。作为物证时,通常固着在纺织纤维或纸张上,或作为墨水、印油、圆珠笔油、油墨的一种组织成分。检验方法包括微量化学法、薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、紫外-可见吸收光谱法及荧光光谱法。
五、染料行业发展
20世纪70年代至90年代,世界染料行业以开发新品种和提高质量为主,年产量保持在100万吨左右。中国染料行业自80年代以来快速发展,90年代至今侧重于提高质量,产量每年维持在30万吨上下,2000年的产量为31.56万吨。
纺织品染色是染料的主要用途之一,占总量的约85%,其余用于皮革、塑料、纸张及涂料等的着色。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 分散兰77 | Disperse Blue 77 | 20241-76-3 | C20H12N2O6 |
| 分散兰284 | 2,2'-((4-((3,5-Dinitro-2-thienyl)azo)phenyl)imino)bisethyl diacetate | 42783-06-2 | C18H19N5O8S |
| 分散兰183 | N-{2-[(2-bromo-6-cyano-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diethylamino)phenyl}propionamide | 2309-94-6 | C20H21BrN6O3 |
| 分散兰1 | 1,4,5,8-tetraaminoanthraquinone | 2475-45-8 | C14H12N4O2 |
| 冰染偶合组分 18 | naphthol ASD | 135-61-5 | C18H15NO2 |
| 亚甲兰 | methylene blue | 61-73-4 | C16H18N3S*Cl |
| 五甲基副品红 | C.I. Solvent Violet 8 | 1733-13-7 | C24H27N3 |
| 二溴二苯并[B,DEF]屈-7,14-二酮 | Dibromodibenzo(b,def)chrysene-7,14-dione | 1324-11-4 | C24H10Br2O2 |
| 二[2,4-二氢-4-[(2-羟基-5-硝基苯基)偶氮]-5-甲基-2-苯基-3H-吡唑-3-酮(2-)]合铬酸(1-)氢盐 | Hydrogen bis(2,4-dihydro-4-((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)azo)-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-onato(2-))chromate(1-) | 52256-37-8 | C32H23CrN10O8 |
| 乙酰乙酰-4-氯-2,5-二甲氧基苯胺 | N-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide | 4433-79-8 | C12H14ClNO4 |
| 中性黑BGL | Acid Black 107 | 12218-96-1 | C76H44F4O14S2 |
| 中性黄2GL | Hydrogen bis(2-((4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)azo)benzoato(2-))chromate(1-) | 5601-29-6 | C34H25CrN8O6 |
| 中性红BL | Tryptophanase | 12239-06-4 | C48H80O4 |
| 中性红 | neutral red | 553-24-2 | C15H16N4*ClH |
| 中性紫Bl | Denatonium saccharide | 61724-46-7 | C28H33N3O4S |
| 专利蓝VF | 129-17-9 | C27H32N2NaO6S2 | |
| 丁基罗丹明B | Rhodamine B butyl ester | 3571-37-7 | C32H39N2O3*Cl |
| Α-特戊酰基-Α-[Ρ-(Ρ-苄氧基苯磺酰基)苯氧基]-N-{2-氯-5-[Γ-(2,4-二特戊基苯氧基)正丁酰胺基]}乙酰苯胺 | N-(5-((4-(2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxy)-1-oxobutyl)amino)-2-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-(4-((4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)sulphonyl)phenoxy)valeramide | 30744-85-5 | C52H61ClN2O8S |
| cp35蛋白质 | C.I. Direct Green 85 | 72390-60-4 | C36H27N7Na2O8S2 |
| [Μ-[[7,7'-(羰基二亚氨基)双[4-羟基-3-[[2-羟基-5-磺苯基]偶氮]-2-萘磺酸盐]](8-)]]二铜酸四钠盐(4-) | C.I. Direct Red 83 | 15418-16-3 | C33H16Cu2N6Na4O17S4 |
| [4-[(4-二甲基氨基苯基)-苯基亚甲基]-1-环己-2,5-二烯亚基]-二甲基氯化铵 | malachit green | 10309-95-2 | C23H25N2 |
| [(3R,4R,5R)-2-(2-氨基-6-氧代-3H-嘌呤-9-基)-4-羟基-5-(羟基甲基)四氢呋喃-3-基]磷酸二氢酯 | guanosine 2'-monophosphate | 130-50-7 | C10H14N5O8P |
| N-[2-[(2-溴-6-氰基-4-硝基苯基)偶氮]-5-(二乙氨基)苯基]乙酰胺 | N-{2-[(2-bromo-6-cyano-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diethylamino)phenyl}acetamide | 2537-62-4 | C19H19BrN6O3 |
| N-2-萘基-3-羟基-2-萘甲酰胺 | 3-hydroxy-N-(2-naphthyl)-naphthamide | 135-64-8 | C21H15NO2 |
| N-(对羟基苯基)-2-萘胺 | N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-naphthylamine | 93-45-8 | C16H13NO |
| N-(5-氯-2,4-二甲氧基苯基)-3-羟基-2-萘甲酰胺 | 5'-chloro-3-hydroxy-2',4'-dimethoxy-2-naphthanilide | 92-72-8 | C19H16ClNO4 |
| N,N,N-三甲基-3-[(4,5-二氢-3-甲基-5-氧代-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基)偶氮]苯基季铵盐酸盐 | Basic yellow 57 | 68391-31-1 | C19H22ClN5O |
| N,N'-双(4-甲氧基苯基)-3,4,9,10-苝四甲酰二亚胺 | perylene red | 6424-77-7 | C38H22N2O6 |
| C.I.酸性黄72 | Benzenesulfonic acid,2,5-dichloro-4-[4-[(4-dodecylphenyl)azo]-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-, sodium salt | 52584-47-1 | C28H36Cl2N4NaO4S |
| C.I.酸性红88 | 4478-76-6 | C24H18N2NaO5S | |
| C.I.酸性红88 | 1658-56-6 | C20H14N2NaO4S | |
| C.I.酸性红151 | 6406-56-0 | C22H16N4NaO4S | |
| C.I.酸性红142 | Java Red A | 6406-66-2 | C22H16N4NaO7S2+ |
| C.I.还原黑8 | 1<i>H</i>-benzo[6,7]indazolo[2,3,4-<i>fgh</i>]naphtho[2'',3'':6',7']indolo[3',2':5,6]anthra[2,1,9-<i>mna</i>]acridine-2,7,10,15-tetraone | 2278-50-4 | C45H19N3O4 |
| C.I.分散黄5 | 2(1H)-Quinolinone, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-[(3-nitrophenyl)azo]- | 6439-53-8 | C16H12N4O4 |
| C.I.分散蓝3 | disperse blue 3 | 86722-66-9 | C17H16N2O3 |
| C.I.分散红86 | 1-Amino-2-methoxy-4-p-toluolsulfonamido-anthrachinon | 81-68-5 | C22H18N2O5S |
| 9-[乙基(3-甲基丁基)氨基]-螺[12H-苯并[a]氧杂蒽-12,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮 | Spiro[12H-benzo[a]xanthene-12,1'(3'H)-isobenzofuran]-3'-one, 9-[ethyl(3-methylbutyl)amino]- | 115392-27-3 | C31H29NO3 |
| 7-羟基-8-[[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]偶氮]萘-1,3-二磺酸 | C.I. Acid Red 73, disodium salt | 25317-39-9 | C22H16N4O7S2 |
| 6-甲基-1H-吲哚-2,3-二酮 | 6-methylindoline-2,3-dione | 1128-47-8 | C9H7NO2 |
| 6-(环己基氨基)-3-N-甲基蒽吡啶酮 | 6-Cyclohexylamino-3-N-methylanthrapyridon | 21295-57-8 | C23H22N2O2 |
| 5-氯-2-甲氧基苯胺 | 5-chloro-2-methoxyaniline | 95-03-4 | C7H8ClNO |
| 5-氯-2-(4-氯苯氧基)-苯胺 | 2-(4-chlorophenoxyl)-5-chloroaniline | 121-27-7 | C12H9Cl2NO |
| 5-氨基靛红 | 5-Aminoisatin | 42816-53-5 | C8H6N2O2 |
| 4-碘-2-硝基苯胺 | 4-iodo-2-nitroaniline | 20691-72-9 | C6H5IN2O2 |
| 4-硝基-2-甲苯胺 | Benzenediazonium, 2-methyl-4-nitro-, tetrafluoroborate(1-) | 455-90-3 | C7H6BF4N3O2 |
| 4-硝基-2-甲苯胺 | 2-methyl-4-nitro-benzenamine | 99-52-5 | C7H8N2O2 |
| 4-二丁氨基酮酸 | 2-(4-dibutylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid | 54574-82-2 | C22H27NO4 |
| 4-乙烯基-1-环己烯 | 4-Vinylcyclohexene | 100-40-3 | C8H12 |
| 4-[[4-[[2-甲基-4-[(对甲苯基)磺酰基]氧]苯基]偶氮]苯氨基]-3-硝基苯磺酸钠 | 12220-06-3 | C26H22N4NaO8S2 |