Real-time and end point determination of antibiotic effects are disclosed herein. In one example, a surface of a label free biosensor is exposed to a sample including a gram-negative bacteria. A frequency and/or a current of the biosensor is then allowed to reach a constant value. The surface of the biosensor is then exposed to an antibiotic. Using the biosensor, i) a frequency change versus time and a damping resistance versus time, or ii) a current versus voltage or the current versus time at a fixed potential, or iii) both i and ii are then measured. The frequency change versus time and the damping resistance versus time and/or the current versus voltage or the current versus time are correlated to determine an effect of the antibiotic on the gram-negative bacteria. Examples of the label free biosensors and methods for detecting gram-negative bacteria using the label free biosensors are also disclosed.
本文公开了抗生素效果的实时和终点测定。在一个例子中,无标记
生物传感器的表面暴露于包括革兰氏阴性细菌在内的样本中。然后让
生物传感器的频率和/或电流达到恒定值。然后将
生物传感器的表面暴露在抗生素中。然后使用该
生物传感器测量 i) 频率变化与时间的关系和阻尼电阻与时间的关系,或 ii) 电流与电压的关系或固定电位下电流与时间的关系,或 iii) i 和 ii 的关系。将频率变化与时间、阻尼电阻与时间和/或电流与电压或电流与时间相关联,以确定抗生素对革兰氏阴性细菌的影响。此外,还公开了无标记
生物传感器的实例以及使用无标记
生物传感器检测革兰氏阴性细菌的方法。