Thermodynamics of Xenon Binding to Cryptophane in Water and Human Plasma
摘要:
Xenon-129 biosensors offer an attractive alternative to conventional MRI contrast agents due to the chemical shift sensitivity and large nuclear magnetic resonance signal of hyperpolarized Xe-129. Here we report the use of fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to determine xenon binding affinity and thermodynamics with a water-soluble triacid-cryptophane-A (1). 1 was synthesized in 10 steps with a 4% overall yield. Fluorescence spectroscopy measured an association constant of (1.7 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) M-1 in phosphate buffer at 293 K. ITC measurements at 293 and 310 K yielded association constants of (1.73 +/- 0.17) x 10(4) and (3.01 +/- 0.26) x 10(4) M-1 and indicated a large entropic contribution to xenon binding in water. On the basis of these data, cryptophane 1 showed roughly 2-fold higher affinity for xenon than any previously measured compound. Remarkably, ITC measurements in human plasma at 310 K gave a similar binding constant, K-A = (2.19 +/- 0.22) x 10(4) M-1, which supports the development of Xe-129 NMR biosensors for biological applications.
We describe the synthesis of a highly water‐soluble cryptophane 1 that can be seen as a universalplatform for the construction of 129Xe magneticresonanceimaging (MRI)‐based biosensors. Compound 1 is easily functionalized by Huisgen cycloaddition and exhibits excellent xenon‐encapsulation properties. In addition, 1 is nontoxic at the concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI.
This invention relates to enzyme-sensitive biosensors and methods and kits using the same. Specifically, the invention relates to methods, systems and kits for the detection of enzymes using the chemical shift observed in an isotope complexed to the biosensor resulting from a change in the biosensor as the result of the enzyme's activity.
This invention relates to enzyme-sensitive biosensors and methods and kits using the same. Specifically, the invention relates to methods, systems and kits for the detection of enzymes using the chemical shift observed in an isotope complexed to the biosensor resulting from a change in the biosensor as the result of the enzyme's activity.
Designing <sup>129</sup>Xe NMR Biosensors for Matrix Metalloproteinase Detection
作者:Qian Wei、Garry K. Seward、P. Aru Hill、Brian Patton、Ivan E. Dimitrov、Nicholas N. Kuzma、Ivan J. Dmochowski
DOI:10.1021/ja0640501
日期:2006.10.1
Xenon-129 biosensors offer an attractive alternative to conventional MRI contrast agents due to the chemical shift sensitivity and large nuclear magnetic signal of hyperpolarized Xe-129. Here, we report the first enzyme-responsive Xe-129 NMR biosensor. This compound was synthesized in 13 steps by attaching the consensus peptide substrate for matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), an enzyme that is upregulated in many cancers, to the xenon-binding organic cage, cryptophane-A. The final coupling step was achieved on solid support in 80-92% yield via a copper (I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition. In vitro enzymatic cleavage assays were monitored by HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The biosensor was determined to be an excellent substrate for MMP-7 (K-M = 43 mu M, V-max = 1.3 x 10(-8) M s(-1), k(cat)/K-M = 7200 M-1 s(-1)). Enzymatic cleavage of the tryptophan-containing peptide led to a dramatic decrease in Trp fluorescence, lambda(max) = 358 nm. Stern-Volmer analysis gave an association constant of 9000 +/- 1000 M-1 at 298 K between the cage and Trp-containing hexapeptide under enzymatic assay conditions. Most promisingly, Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy distinguished between the intact and cleaved biosensors with a 0.5 ppm difference in chemical shift. This difference most likely reflected a change in the electrostatic environment of Xe-129, caused by the cleavage of three positively charged residues from the C-terminus. This work provides guidelines for the design and application of new enzyme-responsive Xe-129 NMR biosensors.