In acetone 620, dichloromethane 550, cyclohexane 515, ethyl acetate 440, chlorobenzene 420, acetophenone 390, o-xylene 350, hexane 7 (all in g/l, 25 °C). In maize oil 19-20, ethylene glycol <1 (both in g/kg at 20 °C).
蒸汽压力：
1.73X10-5 mm Hg @ 20 °C
稳定性/保质期：
Very stable in neutral and acidic media. Hydrolyzed in strongly alkaline media. Thermally stable up to 220 °C. Field data indicate that in practice it is stable to air and light.
The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum and allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid moiety and of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis playing and important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid & alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the iv route, moderate by slower oral absorption, & often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
FASTEST BREAKDOWN IS SEEN WITH PRIMARY ALCOHOL ESTERS OF TRANS-SUBSTITUTED ACIDS SINCE THEY UNDERGO RAPID HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE ATTACK. FOR ALL SECONDARY ALCOHOL ESTERS & FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOL CIS-SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES, OXIDATIVE ATTACK IS PREDOMINANT. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are reportedly inactivated in the GI tract following ingestion. In animals, pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized to water soluble, inactive compounds. /Pyrethrins/
Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
IDENTIFICATION: Alpha-cypermethrin is a highly active pyrethroid insecticide, effective against a wide range of pests encountered in agriculture and animal husbandry. It is supplied as emulsifiable concentrate, ultra-low-volume formulation, suspension concentrate and in mixtures with other insecticides. The technical product is a crystalline powder with good solubility in acetone, cyclohexanone and xylene, but its solubility in water is low. It is stable under acidic and neutral conditions. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Exposure of the general population to alpha-cypermethrin is negligible, provided its use follows good agricultural practice. With good work practices, hygiene measures, and safety precautions, the use of alpha-cypermethrin is unlikely to present a hazard to those occupationally exposed to it. The occurrence of "facial sensations" is an indication of exposure. Under these circumstances work practices should be reviewed. ANIMAL STUDIES: Alpha-cypermethrin has moderate to high acute oral toxicity to rodents. Acute oral exposure results in clinical signs associated with central nervous system activity. Technical alpha-cypermetrhrin has been reported to be minimally irritating to rabbit skin. Some formulations cause severe eye irritations. In guinea-pigs, alpha-cypermethrin caused stimulation of sensory nerve-endings in the skin. An oral study in rats demonstrated that alpha-cypermethrin induces neurotoxicity due to histopathological alterations of the tibial and sciatic nerves, axonal degeneration and increased beta-galactosidase activity. No data are available on long-term toxicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, or carcinogenicity. From the available data on alpha-cypermethrin, it can be concluded that this compound is non-mutagenic in tests with Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in vivo and in vitro tests with rat liver cells for the induction of chromosome aberration and production of DNA single-strand damage. Alpha-cypermethrin is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, fish, and bees.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 其他中枢神经系统神经毒素
Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metab in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
1. Dose excretion studies with cypermethrin (as a 1:1 cis/trans mixture) and alphacypermethrin (one of the two disasteroisomer pairs which constitute cis-cypermethrin) were out with, in each case, two volunteers per dose level. The studies included (a) single oral alphacypermethrin doses of 0.25 mg, 0.50 mg and 0.75 mg followed by repeated alphacypermethrin doses at the same levels, daily for five days, (b) repeated oral cypermethrin doses of 0.25 mg, 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg daily for five days, and (c) a single dermal application of 25 mg cypermethrin to the forearm. Urine was monitored for the free and conjugated 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid before and after dosing. 2. Metabolism and rate of excretion of a single oral dose of alphacypermethrin was similar to that of cis cypermethrin, on average, 43% of the dose was excreted as the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in the first 24 hr urine. There was no increase in urinary metabolite excretion when alphacypermethrin was administered as a repeated oral dose. Subjects excreted, on average, 49% of the dose as the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in the subsequent 24 hr periods after dosing. 3. There was no increase in the urinary cyclopropanecarboxylic acid excretion when cypermethrin was administered as a repeated oral dose. Subjects excreted, on average, 72% of the trans isomer dose and 45% of the cis isomer dose respectively in the subsequent 24 hr periods after dosing. 4. Approximately 0.1% of the applied dermal dose of 25 mg cypermethrin was excreted within 72 hr as the urinary cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. No conclusions can be drawn from such urinary excretion data as to the concentration of cypermethrin and its metabolites in the skin or other organs, or the possibility of other routes of metabolism or excretion.
WHEN RADIOACTIVE PYRETHROID IS ADMIN ORALLY TO MAMMALS, IT IS ABSORBED FROM INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE ANIMALS & DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY TISSUE EXAMINED. EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN RATS ADMIN TRANS-ISOMER: DOSAGE: 500 MG/KG; INTERVAL 20 DAYS; URINE 36%; FECES 64%; TOTAL 100%. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are absorbed through intact skin when applied topically. When animals were exposed to aerosols of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide being released into the air, little or none of the combination was systemically absorbed. /Pyrethrins/
Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible. Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidney. /Pyrethroids/
The use of an esteramide compound, alone or as a mixture of the following formula (I):
R
1
OOC-A-CONR
2
R
3
(I)
is described, wherein:
A is a covalent bond or a methylene group —CH
2
—,
R
1
is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 36 carbon atoms,
R
2
and R
3
, either identical or different, are groups selected from a hydrogen atom and optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups comprising from 1 to 36 carbon atoms,
R
2
and R
3
may form together a ring having the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, said ring being, if need be, substituted and/or having an additional heteroatom and
R
2
and R
3
not being simultaneously hydrogens.
Also described, are applications for using the esteramide compound as a solvent, a co-solvent, a coalescence agent, a crystallization inhibitor, a plasticizer or an agent for increasing biological activity.
The invention relates to compounds of the general formula
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, A, X, m and n have the significances given in claim 1, and optionally the enantiomers thereof. The active ingredients have advantageous pesticidal properties. They are especially suitable for controlling parasites on warm-blooded animals and plants.
The present invention concerns the use of a furfural derivative of formula (I)
in which R represents (i) a —CH═CR′
1
—COR
1
group, a group
a group
a group
or a —CHO and R′ represents a hydrogen atom or a (C
1
-C
4
)alkyl group, as a chemical vehicle, as a solvent, co-solvent, coalescing agent, crystallization inhibitor, plasticising agent, degreasing agent, etchant, cleaning agent or agent for increasing biological activity, and more particularly as a solvent.
It also concerns phytosanitary formulations or resin-solubilising formulations comprising at least one such furfural derivative of formula (I).
Use of pyrimidine compounds in the preparation of parasiticides
申请人：Novartis AG
公开号：EP1574502A1
公开（公告）日：2005-09-14
The invention relates to the use of compounds of the general formula
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, X1 and X2 have the significances given in claim 1, and optionally the enantiomers and geometrical isomers thereof, for controlling parasites on warm-blooded animals.
ETHER-AMIDE COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATION AND USES THEREOF
申请人：Guglieri Massimo
公开号：US20110263898A1
公开（公告）日：2011-10-27
Novel ether-amide compounds having the formula R
a
R
b
C(OR
1
)—CHR
c
—CONR
2
R
3
and processes for the preparation and use thereof, especially as solvents, for example in phytosanitary formulations.
