Three genetically distinct carboxylesterases from rat liver ER and one from human liver have been identified as the most important xenobiotic-hydrolyzing esterases. Hydrolysis of DIBP by human and 2 of the rat liver esterases was minor in comparison to other phthalate esters. The activity decreased with increasing lipophilicity of the cmpd.
Phthalate esters are first hydrolyzed to their monoester derivative. Once formed, the monoester derivative can be further hydrolyzed in vivo to phthalic acid or conjugated to glucuronide, both of which can then be excreted. The terminal or next-to-last carbon atom in the monoester can also be oxidized to an alcohol, which can be excreted as is or first oxidized to an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid. The monoester and oxidative metabolites are excreted in the urine and faeces. (A2884)
Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors. They decrease foetal testis testosterone production and reduce the expression of steroidogenic genes by decreasing mRNA expression. Some phthalates have also been shown to reduce the expression of insulin-like peptide 3 (insl3), an important hormone secreted by the Leydig cell necessary for development of the gubernacular ligament. Animal studies have shown that these effects disrupt reproductive development and can cause a number of malformations in affected young. (A2883)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Phthalate esters are endocrine disruptors. Animal studies have shown that they disrupt reproductive development and can cause a number of malformations in affected young, such as reduced anogenital distance (AGD), cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and reduced fertility. The combination of effects associated with phthalates is called 'phthalate syndrome’. (A2883)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过皮肤接触和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
This study examined the extent of dermal absorption of a series of phthalate diesters in the rat. Those tested were dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, dihexyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), diisodecyl, and benzyl butyl phthalate. Hair from a skin area (1.3 cm in diameter) on the back of male F344 rats was clipped, the (14)C-phthalate diester was applied in a dose of 157 mumol/kg, and the area of application was covered with a perforated cap. The rat was restrained and housed for 7 days in a metabolic cage that allowed separate collection of urine and feces. Urine and feces were collected every 24 hr, and the amount of (14)C excreted was taken as an index of the percutaneous absorption. At 24 hr, diethyl phthalate showed the greatest excretion (26%). As the length of the alkyl side chain increased, the amount of (14)C excreted in the first 24 hr decreased signficantly. The cumulative percentage dose excreted in 7 days was greatest for diethyl, dibutyl, and diisobutyl phthalate, about 50-60% of the applied (14)C; an intermediate (20-40%) for dimethyl, benzyl butyl, and dihexyl phthalate. Urine was the major route of excretion of all phthalate diesters except for diisodecyl phthalate. This compound was poorly absorbed and showed almost no urinary excretion. After 7 days, the percentage dose for each phthalate that remained in the body was minimal showed no specific tissue distribution. Most of the unexcreted dose remained in the area of application. These data show that the structure of the phthalate diester determines the degree of dermal absorption. Absorption maximized with diethyl phthalate and then decreased significantly as the alkyl side chain length increased.
异丁醇 、 邻苯二甲酸 在
triflic acid on silica-encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles 作用下，
以
neat (no solvent) 为溶剂，
反应 1.5h，
以75%的产率得到邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯
参考文献：
名称：
Micro-flow nanocatalysis: synergic effect of TfOH@SPIONs and micro-flow technology as an efficient and robust catalytic system for the synthesis of plasticizers
CATALYST FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION AND METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF
申请人：Wang Licai
公开号：US20110301385A1
公开（公告）日：2011-12-08
A catalyst for olefin polymerization and method of preparing the same are disclosed.
揭示了一种烯烃聚合的催化剂及其制备方法。
[EN] HEMI-AMINAL ETHERS AND THIOETHERS OF N-ALKENYL CYCLIC COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] ÉTHERS ET THIOÉTHERS HÉMIAMINAUX DE COMPOSÉS CYCLIQUES N-ALCÉNYLIQUES
申请人：ISP INVESTMENTS INC
公开号：WO2014116560A1
公开（公告）日：2014-07-31
Described herein are hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds that may be produced through a reaction comprising: (A) at least one first reactant represented by a structure (I), wherein X is a functionalized or unfunctionalized C1-C5 alkylene group optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each R1, R2, and R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl groups optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and (B) at least one second reactant having at least one hydroxyl moiety or thiol moiety. The hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds may comprise a polymerizable moiety, in which case they may be left as-is or used to create homopolymers or non-homopolymers, or they may not comprise a polymerizable moiety. A wide variety of formulations may be created using the hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds, including personal care, oilfield, and construction formulations.
Practical selective monohydrolysis of bulky symmetric diesters: Comparing with sonochemistry
作者：Jianjun Shi、Tian Zhao、Satomi Niwayama
DOI：10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.051
日期：2018.11
The conditions of the practical selective monohydrolysis of symmetric diesters we previously reported have been modified and applied to selective monohydrolysis of bulky symmetric diesters. While ultrasound is generally considered effective for two-phase reactions, its effect actually turned out to be rather marginal. Instead, use of a larger proportion of a polar aprotic co-solvent, DMSO, and aqueous
Novolac resin-containing resist underlayer film-forming composition using bisphenol aldehyde
申请人：NISSAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.
公开号：US10017664B2
公开（公告）日：2018-07-10
Resist underlayer film-forming composition for forming resist underlayer film with high dry etching resistance, wiggling resistance and exerts good flattening property and embedding property for uneven parts, including resin obtained by reacting organic compound A including aromatic ring and aldehyde B having at least two aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups having phenolic hydroxy group and having structure wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups are bonded through tertiary carbon atom. The aldehyde B may be compound of Formula (1):
The obtained resin may have a unit structure of Formula (2):
Ar1 and Ar2 each are C6-40 aryl group. The organic compound A including aromatic ring may be aromatic amine or phenolic hydroxy group-containing compound. The composition may contain further solvent, acid and/or acid generator, or crosslinking agent. Forming resist pattern used for semiconductor production, including forming resist underlayer film by applying the resist underlayer film-forming composition onto semiconductor substrate and baking it.
METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES BY MEANS OF A MICROREACTION TECHNIQUE
申请人：Azzawi Alexander
公开号：US20090043122A1
公开（公告）日：2009-02-12
The invention provides a process for efficient and reliable preparation of organic peroxides, preferably dialkyl peroxides, peroxycarboxylic acids, peroxycarboxylic esters, diacyl peroxides, peroxycarbonate esters, peroxydicarbonates, ketone peroxides and perketals with the aid of at least one static micromixer and an apparatus for performing the process.
