The Design and Evaluation of an l-Dopa–Lazabemide Prodrug for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
作者:Monique Hoon、Jacobus Petzer、Francois Viljoen、Anél Petzer
DOI:10.3390/molecules22122076
日期:——
l-Dopa, the metabolic precursor of dopamine, is the treatment of choice for the symptomatic relief of the advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease. The oral bioavailability of l-dopa, however, is only about 10% to 30%, and less than 1% of the oral dose is estimated to reach the brain unchanged. l-Dopa’s physicochemical properties are responsible for its poor bioavailability, short half-life and the wide range of inter- and intrapatient variations of plasma levels. An l-dopa–lazabemide prodrug is proposed to overcome the problems associated with l-dopa absorption. Lazabemide is a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitor, a class of compounds that slows the depletion of dopamine stores in Parkinson’s disease and elevates dopamine levels produced by exogenously administered l-dopa. l-Dopa was linked at the carboxylate with the primary aminyl functional group of lazabemide via an amide, a strategy which is anticipated to protect l-dopa against peripheral decarboxylation and possibly also enhance the membrane permeability of the prodrug. Selected physicochemical and biochemical properties of the prodrug were determined and included lipophilicity (logD), solubility, passive diffusion permeability, pKa, chemical and metabolic stability as well as cytotoxicity. Although oral and i.p. treatment of mice with the prodrug did not result in enhanced striatal dopamine levels, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were significantly depressed compared to saline, l-dopa and carbidopa/l-dopa treatment. Based on the results, further preclinical evaluation of the l-dopa–lazabemide prodrug should be undertaken with the aim of discovering prodrugs that may be advanced to the clinical stages of development.
l-Dopa是多巴胺的代谢前体,是治疗帕金森病晚期症状的首选药物。然而,口服l-dopa的生物利用度仅约为10%到30%,预计口服剂量中不到1%能够未改变地到达大脑。l-Dopa的理化特性导致了其生物利用度低、半衰期短,以及患者间和患者内血浆水平的广泛变异。提出了一种l-dopa–lazabemide前药,以克服与l-dopa吸收相关的问题。Lazabemide是一种单胺氧化酶(MAO)-B抑制剂,该类化合物可以减缓帕金森病中多巴胺储存的耗竭,并提升外源性给药的l-dopa产生的多巴胺水平。l-Dopa通过酰胺与lazabemide的羧基与主要氨基功能团相连,这一策略预计能够保护l-dopa免受外周脱羧作用的影响,并可能增强前药的膜通透性。前药的选定理化和生化特性包括脂溶性(logD)、溶解度、被动扩散通透性、pKa、化学和代谢稳定性以及细胞毒性。虽然用前药对小鼠进行口服和腹腔注射治疗并未导致纹状体多巴胺水平提高,但与生理盐水、l-dopa和卡比多巴/l-dopa治疗相比,3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)水平显著下降。基于这些结果,应进一步进行l-dopa–lazabemide前药的临床前评估,旨在发现可以推进至临床开发阶段的前药。