Salicylates are used as fragrance and flavor ingredients for foods, as UV absorbers and as medicines. Here, we examined the hydrolytic metabolism of phenyl and benzyl salicylates by various tissue microsomes and plasma of rats, and by human liver and small-intestinal microsomes. Both salicylates were readily hydrolyzed by tissue microsomes, predominantly in small intestine, followed by liver, although phenyl salicylate was much more rapidly hydrolyzed than benzyl salicylate. The liver and small-intestinal microsomal hydrolase activities were completely inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and could be extracted with Triton X-100. Phenyl salicylate-hydrolyzing activity was co-eluted with carboxylesterase activity by anion exchange column chromatography of the Triton X-100 extracts of liver and small-intestinal microsomes. Expression of rat liver and small-intestinal isoforms of carboxylesterase, Ces1e and Ces2c (AB010632), in COS cells resulted in significant phenyl salicylate-hydrolyzing activities with the same specific activities as those of liver and small-intestinal microsomes, respectively. Human small-intestinal microsomes also exhibited higher hydrolyzing activity than liver microsomes towards these salicylates. Human CES1 and CES2 isozymes expressed in COS cells both readily hydrolyzed phenyl salicylate, but the activity of CES2 was higher than that of CES1. These results indicate that significant amounts of salicylic acid might be formed by microsomal hydrolysis of phenyl and benzyl salicylates in vivo. The possible pharmacological and toxicological effects of salicylic acid released from salicylates present in commercial products should be considered.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzyl salicylate is a thick colorless liquid. Benzyl salicylate is widely used in soap and cosmetic industry as fragrance; also effective in absorbing UV light, and can be used in protective sunscreen lotions. Benzyl salicylate is also used in deodorant sprays. HUMAN STUDIES: Benzyl salicylate has a very low potential to induce hypersensitivity or to elicit reactions presumably attributable to pre-existing sensitization. Estrogenic potential of benzyl salicylate was tested using an in vitro human estrogen receptor alpha(hERalpha)-coactivator recruiting assay. Benzyl salicylate showed obvious in vitro hERalpha agonistic activities and exhibited a higher estrogenic activity compared to bisphenol A. Estrogenic activity was also demonstrated in assays using the estrogen-responsive MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. ANIMAL STUDIES: Benzyl salicylate was not irritating in the isolated bovine cornea test. Erythema was observed in the rabbit skin test. Estrogenic potential of benzyl salicylate was tested using an in vivo immature rodent uterotrophic bioassay. The uterine weights were significantly increased in mice treated with 11.1, 33.3, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day benzyl salicylate and rats treated with 3.7, 11.1, 33.3 and 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Benzyl salicylate was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Zebra fish (Danio rerio) were exposed to benzyl salicylate at 0, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0 or 2.8 mg/L under static-renewal conditions for 96 hours. Mortalities were noted at 2.0 and 2.8 mg/L. Fish at these concentrations exhibited normal swimming behavior. No effects were seen at concentrations </= 1.4 mg/L.
Disinfection of swimming pool water is essential to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. However chlorine based disinfectants, the most commonly used, are known to lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which have been associated with adverse health effects. Precursors of DBPs include the organic matter present in the water used to fill the swimming pool, human body fluids and personal care products (PCPs) used by swimmers and bathers. The increased use, in the last years, of PCPs lead to an increased concern about the fate of PCPs in swimming pool waters and potential health risks of formed DBPs. In this study, the chemical transformations of two salicylates, benzyl salicylate (BzS) and phenyl salicylate (PS), incorporated in several PCPs, in chlorinated water were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-diode-array detection (HPLC-UV-DAD) was used to follow the reaction kinetics and HPLC with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to tentatively identify the major transformation by-products. Under the experimental conditions used in this work both salicylates reacted with chlorine following pseudo-first order kinetics: rate constant k = (0.0038 +/- 0.0002) min(-1) and half-life t1/2 = (182 +/- 10) min for BzS and rate constant k = (0.0088 +/- 0.0005) min(-1) and half-life t1/2 = (79 +/- 4) min for PS (mean =/- standard deviation). The reactions of the two salicylates in chlorinated water led to the formation of DBPs that were tentatively identified as mono- and dichloro- substituted compounds. Most probably they result from an electrophilic substitution of one or two hydrogen atoms in the phenolic ring of both salicylates by one or two chlorine atoms.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
解毒与急救
/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于昏迷、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿……。对于严重的支气管痉挛，考虑给予β激动剂，如沙丁胺醇……。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常……。开始静脉输注D5W TKO /SRP: "保持开放"，最低流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%生理盐水（NS）或乳酸钠林格氏液（LR）。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象……。用地西泮或劳拉西泮治疗癫痫……。使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗……。/毒物A和B/
/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/
The present application relates to encapsulates, compositions, products comprising such encapsulates, and processes for making and using such encapsulates. Such encapsulates comprise a core comprising a perfume and a shell that encapsulates said core, such encapsulates may optionally comprise a parametric balancing agent, such shell comprising one or more azobenzene moieties.
Provided are novel prodrugs of treprostinil, as well as methods of making and methods of using these prodrugs.
提供了特瑞普罗斯汀的新型前药，以及制备这些前药的方法和使用这些前药的方法。
Sulfamates as antiglaucoma agents
申请人：A. H. Robins Company, Incorporated
公开号：US05192785A1
公开（公告）日：1993-03-09
Sulfamate esters of the formula (HO).sub.p --A--[OSO.sub.2 NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 ].sub.z where A is aryloxyalkyl, p is the number of unreacted hydroxy groups present on the alkyl moiety and may be zero, z is the number of --OS(O).sub.2 NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 groups attached to carbons of the alkyl moiety and is always at least one; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are selected from hydrogen, loweralkyl, carboxy, and the like are useful in treating glaucoma.
Aryl and aryloxyalkyl sulfamate esters useful as anticonvulsants
申请人：A. H. Robins Co., Inc.
公开号：US05025031A1
公开（公告）日：1991-06-18
Herein disclosed is a method of treating convulsions with a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of the formula: (HO).sub.p --A--[OSO.sub.2 NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 ].sub.z where A is an aryl, arylalkyl, or aryloxyalkyl group and is substituted on 1 or more carbon atoms with a sulfamate group (--OSO.sub.2 NR.sup.1 R.sup.2) wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, same or different, are hydrogen or loweralkyl wherein p is 0 or 1 and is the number of untreated hydroxyl groups and z is 1 or 2 and is the number of --OS(O.sub.2)NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 groups. Aryl is selected from phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridinyl, naphthyl, quinolinyl, and the like. Phenyl substituents are selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, phenyl, phenoxy, benzoyl, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, carboxy, amino, loweralkylamino, diloweralkylamino, acetamido, cyano, nitro, loweralkoxycarboyl, aminosulfonyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, and the like. Novel compounds not previously disclosed are also described.
Discovery of high affinity inhibitors of Leishmania donovani N-myristoyltransferase
作者：Mark D. Rackham、Zhiyong Yu、James A. Brannigan、William P. Heal、Daniel Paape、K. Victoria Barker、Anthony J. Wilkinson、Deborah F. Smith、Robin J. Leatherbarrow、Edward W. Tate
DOI：10.1039/c5md00241a
日期：——
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a potential drug target in Leishmania parasites. Scaffold-hopping from published inhibitors yielded the serendipitous discovery of a chemotype selective for Leishmania donovani NMT; development led to high affinity inhibitors with excellent ligand efficiency. The bindingmode was characterised by crystallography and provides a structural rationale for selectivity.
