Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Monitor ECG and serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium for at least 4 to 6 hours. Admit symptomatic patients with ECG or electrolyte abnormalities to an intensive care setting. When clinically significant hypocalcemia is present, administer intravenous calcium gluconate ... and monitor ionized calcium levels and titrate further doses as needed. Treat hypomagnesemia with intravenous magnesium sulfate... . Treat hypokalemia with intravenous calcium and other usual measures. Do not induce vomiting because of the risk of abrupt onset of seizures and arrhythmias. Administer an antacid containing calcium (eg, calcium carbonate) orally to raise gastric pH and complex free fluoride, reducing absorption. Foods rich in calcium (eg, milk) can also bind fluoride. Magnesium-containing antacids have also been recommended but there are little data for their effectiveness. ... Consider gastric lavage for recent large ingestions. Activated charcoal does not absorb fluoride and is not likely to be beneficial. Because fluoride rapidly binds to free calcium and bone and has a short elimination half-life, hemodialysis is not likely to be effective.
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures adn treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Most available toxicity information on fluoride relates to acute toxicity of hydrofluoric acid (''HF''). However, other water soluble fluoride-containing compounds can cause fluoride poisoning. The fluoride ion is systemically absorbed almost immediately. It is highly penetrating and reactive and can cause both systemic poisoning and tissue destruction. Fluoride ions, once separated from either HF or fluoride salts, penetrate deep into tissues, causing burning at sites deeper than the original exposure site. The process of tissue destruction can continue for days. Fluoride absorption can produce hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium), hypocalcemia (lowered serum calcium), hypomagnesemia (lowered serum magnesium), and metabolic and respiratory acidosis. These disturbances can then bring on cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory stimulation followed by respiratory depression, muscle spasms, convulsions, central nervous system (''CNS'') depression, possible respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure, and death. Fluoride may also inhibit cellular respiration and glycolysis, alter membrane permeability and excitability, and cause neurotoxic and adverse GI effects. When exposure is through inhalation, fluorides can cause severe chemical burns to the respiratory system. Inhalation can result in difficulty breathing (dyspnea), bronchospasms, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, airway obstruction, and tracheobronchitis. The severity of burns from dermal absorption can vary depending on the concentration of fluoride available, duration of the exposure, the surface area exposed, and the penetrability of the exposed tissue. Ocular exposure can result in serious eye injury. Ingestion of fluoride can result in mild to severe GI symptoms. Reports suggest that ingesting 3 to 5 milligrams of fluoride per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) causes vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Ingestion of more than 5 mg/kg may produce systemic toxicity. A retrospective poison control center study of fluoride ingestions reported that symptoms, primarily safely tolerated GI symptoms that tended to resolve within 24 hours, developed following ingestions of 4 to 8.4 mg/kg of fluoride.
Fluorides are absorbed from GI tract, lung, & skin. GI tract is major site of absorption. The relatively sol cmpd, such as sodium fluoride, are almost completely absorbed ... Fluoride has been detected in all organs & tissues examined ... There is no evidence that it is concentrated in any tissues except bone, thyroid, aorta, & perhaps kidney. Fluoride is preponderantly deposited in the skeleton & teeth, & the degree of skeletal storage is related to intake and age. ... A function of the turnover rate of skeletal components, with growing bone showing greater fluoride deposition than bone in mature animals. ... Major route of ... excretion is by way of kidneys ... also excreted in small amt by sweat glands, lactating breast, & GI tract. ... About 90% of fluoride ion filtered by glomerulus is reabsorbed by renal tubules. /Fluoride salts/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在雌性大鼠中，年轻大鼠的骨骼显然比老年大鼠更有效地从循环中去除氟化物。/氟化钠/
In female rats, the skeletons of younger rats apparently are more efficient at removing fluoride from circulation than are those of older rats. /Sodium fluoride/
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concentrations is soft tissues fall to pre-exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchanges with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concentration of fluoride tends to approximate the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiraton may be an important route of fluoride excretion. The concentration of fluoride retained in bones and teeth is a function of both the concentration of fluoride intake and the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride concentration will decrease to a concentration that is again reflective of intake. /Fluoride salts/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
氟化物化合物的吸收程度与其溶解度密切相关。/氟化物盐/
The degree of absorption of a fluoride compound is best correlated with its solubility. /Fluoride salts/
[ReF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>: A Robust Module for the Design of Molecule-Based Magnetic Materials
作者：Kasper S. Pedersen、Marc Sigrist、Mikkel A. Sørensen、Anne-Laure Barra、Thomas Weyhermüller、Stergios Piligkos、Christian Aa. Thuesen、Morten G. Vinum、Hannu Mutka、Høgni Weihe、Rodolphe Clérac、Jesper Bendix
DOI：10.1002/anie.201309981
日期：2014.1.27
A facile synthesis of the [ReF6]2− ion and its use as a building block to synthesize magnetic systems are reported. Using dc and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, INS and EPR spectroscopies, the magnetic properties of the isolated [ReF6]2− unit in (PPh4)2[ReF6]⋅2 H2O (1) have been fully studied including the slow relaxation of the magnetization observed below ca. 4 K. This slow dynamic is preserved
Polymorphisme et étude magnétique des fluorures ternaires de palladium (II) PdMIVF6 (MIV Zr, Sn, Hf)
作者：N. Ruchaud、J. Grannec、A. Tressaud
DOI：10.1016/0925-8388(94)90758-7
日期：1994.3
Abstract Palladium(II) fluorides with formula PdMIVF6 (MIV Zr, Sn, Hf) exhibiting an ordered LiSbF6-type structure ( R 3 space group) were synthesized. A structural phase transition was detected using microdifferential thermal analysis, microcalorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The thermal dependence of the spontaneous strain was determined. A cubic Fm 3 m high-temperature form was characterized for
摘要 合成了具有有序 LiSbF6 型结构（R 3 空间群）的氟化钯 (II)，其分子式为 PdMIVF6 (MIV Zr, Sn, Hf)。使用微差热分析、微量热法和 X 射线衍射检测结构相变。确定了自发应变的热依赖性。PdZrF6 和 PdHfF6 为立方 Fm 3 m 高温形式。三相表现出反铁磁行为。
VO2F(dmpz)2: a new catalyst for selective oxidation of organic sulfides to sulfoxides with H2O2
作者：Sahid Hussain、Dhrubajyoti Talukdar、Saitanya K. Bharadwaj、Mihir K. Chaudhuri
DOI：10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.067
日期：2012.11
(dmpz = 3, 5 dimethyl pyrazole) is reported as recyclable catalyst for the selective oxidation of organicsulfides with H2O2 in CH3CN at sub-ambient temperature. [VO2F(dmpz)2]–H2O2 system chemoselectively oxidizes alkyl as well as aryl sulfides in the presence of oxidation prone functional groups such as CC, –CN, and –OH. Refractory sulfides (dibenzothiophenes) are also oxidized to sulfoxides.
据报道，一种新开发并具有结构特征的钒配合物[VO 2 F（dmpz）2 ]（dmpz = 3，5二甲基吡唑）是可循环利用的催化剂，用于在亚氯甲烷中用CH 3 CN中的H 2 O 2选择性氧化有机硫化物。环境温度。[VO 2 F（dmpz）2 ] –H 2 O 2系统在易氧化的官能团（例如C C，-CN和-OH）存在下，化学选择性地氧化烷基以及芳基硫化物。难熔硫化物（二苯并噻吩）也被氧化为亚砜。
Production of m-fluoroacetophenone
申请人：Olin Corporation
公开号：US04487969A1
公开（公告）日：1984-12-11
A process for the production of m-fluoroacetophenone comprises reacting m-aminoacetophenone with a diazotization agent in the presence of hydrogen fluoride. The diazonium fluoride compound produced is decomposed by heating to produce highly pure m-fluoroacetophenone in good yields.
Process which comprises feeding an aromatic amine in the presence of HF to a reaction zone simultaneously with a diazotizing agent so as to effect diazotization of the aromatic amine, thermally decomposing the resulting diazonium salt substantially as it is formed, and removing the resulting fluoroaromatic compound from the reaction zone substantially as it is formed. The amine and the diazotizing agent are fed to the reaction zone in such quantities and proportions that they are consumed substantially as fed so that no substantial concentration of either builds up in the reaction zone.
