Gentian violet is shown to undergo a one-electron reduction by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system to produce a carbon-centered free radical as demonstrated by direct electron spin resonance techniques.
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Gentian violet (crystal violet) was used in the past to treat oral and nipple thrush during breastfeeding. Gentian violet is potentially toxic to the mucous membranes, causing oral ulceration with partial airway obstruction in one case, and potentially tattooing the skin. It can also interact with DNA, is carcinogenic and mutagenic in animals, and occasionally causes allergic sensitization, with cross-reactions to other triphenylmethane dyes. Its use has been severely curtailed by authorities in Australia, Canada, England and France. It is also very messy, staining skin and clothing. A 2001 survey of the members of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) found that gentian violet is rarely (1 to 2% of respondents) used by breastfeeding experts for initial treatment of oral thrush and is very infrequently (3 to 4% of respondents) used for recurrent or persistent thrush. ABM guidelines for treating Candida infection of the nipples state that an aqueous solution of gentian violet of less than 0.5% can be used for no more than 7 days on the nipple. However, safer alternatives for treating thrush are available.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Gentian violet has caused oral ulceration in breastfed infants treated with 1% or 2% solution applied to the mouth and tongue for thrush.
A 2-week-old exclusively breastfed infant was treated for oral thrush with aqueous 1% gentian violet solution twice daily for 1 day. The parents discontinued it because they thought it was causing airway discomfort. After 2 days, it was restarted at 4 times a day. Cough and difficulty feeding developed after 1 day and the infant was then admitted to the hospital, ultimately requiring intubation.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
Nine male and 9 female Hubbard adult broiler breeders were used to study tissue residues of gentian violet, each bird was given (14)C-gentian violet orally. T/2 of radioactivity from (14)C-gentian violet in blood differed between sexes (1.43 hr and 1.68 hr for males and females, respectively). At 8 hr after administration only 1 bird had detectable amt of radioactivity in muscle. Detectable levels of radioactivity were found in liver at 120 hr after dosing and in kidney at 432 hr after dosing. All eggs collected during 1St 144 hr contained very low but detectable levels of radioactivity.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
Cell adhesion-inhibiting antiinflammatory and immune-suppressive compounds
申请人:Abbott Laboratories
公开号:US20040116518A1
公开(公告)日:2004-06-17
The present invention relates to novel cinnamide compounds that are useful for treating inflammatory and immune diseases and cerebral vasospasm, to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and to methods of inhibiting inflammation or suppressing immune response in a mammal.
[EN] FUSED PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS JAK INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE PYRAZOLE CONDENSÉS UTILISÉS EN TANT QU'INHIBITEURS DE JAK
申请人:ALMIRALL SA
公开号:WO2017220431A1
公开(公告)日:2017-12-28
Novel fused pyrazole derivatives of Formula (I) are disclosed; as well as process for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use in therapy as inhibitors of Janus Kinases (JAK).
[EN] NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHONATE DERIVATIVES USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTIONS<br/>[FR] DERIVES DE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHONATE UTILES DANS LE TRAITEMENT D'INFECTIONS VIH
申请人:ANADYS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
公开号:WO2005079812A1
公开(公告)日:2005-09-01
The present invention relates to a method of treating HIV infections by administering a nucleoside phosphonate derivative represented by formula (I).
[EN] MATRIPTASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE LA MATRIPTASE ET LEURS UTILISATIONS
申请人:NEOMED INST
公开号:WO2018112648A1
公开(公告)日:2018-06-28
The present application relates to a compound of formulae (I), (II) or (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, methods and uses thereof for treating disorders associated with matriptase activity. (I), (II), (III)