Cyanide is rapidly alsorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
The photoisomerization of methyl isocyanide to form acetonitrile induced by excitation into the fourth (approximately 1 kcal/mol above the activation barrier) and fifth (approximately 8 kcal/mol above the barrier) C-H stretch vibrational overtones is reported. The ratio of the collisional deactivation rate constant to the unimolecular rate coefficient, k(epsilon), was determined by a Stern-Volmer analysis plotting the inverse apparent rate constant against the total pressure. The unimolecular rate coefficients increase monotonically with increasing excitation energies across the rotational band contours. The experimental k(epsilon) agree with RRKM calculated values. The Stern-Volmer plots are nonlinear at low pressure: the fourth overtone excitation shows negative curvature (decreasing slope with increasing pressure) and the fifth overtone shows positive curvature (increasing slope with increasing pressure). The magnitude and direction of this curvature agree with the calculated Stern-Volmer plots in earlier work using a master equation simulation. In these vibrational overtone activation studies, the collisional deactivation efficiency of argon is 0.3 of that of the self-collider.
Preparation, ligand-exchange reactions, and alkylation reactions of some carbon disulphide derivatives of iron
作者：Paul Conway、Seamus M. Grant、A. R. Manning
DOI：10.1039/dt9790001920
日期：——
which may be polynuclear. When L = CNMe or CNBut further reaction occurs to give [Fe(CO)L3(CS2)] and then a carbonyl-free complex. Ligand-exchange reactions of the complexes where L = PPh3 or P(OPh)3 with the phosphorus(III) ligands L′ gives [Fe(CO)2L(L′)(CS2)] rapidly and then [Fe(CO)2L′2(CS2)] much more slowly. The extent of this reaction depends on ligand size and is more complete for the less bulky
α-Keto amide derivatives as enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C protease (3Cpro) inhibitors have been synthesized and assayed for their biochemical and antiviral activities. structure–activity relationship (SAR) study indicated that small moieties were primarily tolerated at P1′ and the introduction of para-fluoro benzyl at P2 notably improved the potency of inhibitor. Inhibitors 8v, 8w and 8x exhibited satisfactory
Electron spin resonance spectra of four-, five-, and six-co-ordinate cobalt(II) isonitrile complexes, and of the pentacyanocobaltate(II) ion
作者：J. P. Maher
DOI：10.1039/j19680002918
日期：——
five-co-ordinate ions). The lack of 59Co hyperfine splitting in the spectra of the five-co-ordinate ions in solutions may be due to a rapid change from square pyramidal-trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The spectra of the tetrakis(isonitrile) cobalt(II) dihalides show that the contributions from ζσπ dominate the g values, in agreement with an electron being in the |0〉 orbital. Electron delocalisation on
Thio- und selenocarbene complexes LnM=C(XR)C6H5 (I) (XR = S-C6H5, S-c-C6H11, S-t-C4H9, SCH2C6H5, SeC6H5) of chromium, tungsten and manganese [LnM = Cr(CO)5, W(CO)5, Mn(CO)2(CH3C5H4)] give thio- and selenoketene imine complexes LnM[R1N=C=C(XR)C6H5] (III) on addition of isocyanides R1NC II (R1 = CH3, c-C6H11, t-C4H9, C6H5) by an insertion of II into the M=C bond of I. The ketene imine ligand is coordinated
硫杂硒碳烯络合物L n M = C（XR）C 6 H 5（I）（XR = SC 6 H 5，ScC 6 H 11，StC 4 H 9，SCH 2 C 6 H 5，SeC 6 H 5）铬，钨和锰的混合物[L n M = Cr（CO）5，W（CO）5，Mn（CO）2（CH 3 C 5 H 4）]给出硫代和硒烯酮亚胺配合物L n M [R 1 N = C = C（XR）C6 ħ 5在加入异腈的]（III）v 1 NC II（R 1 = CH 3，CC 6 ħ 11，TC 4 ħ 9，C 6 H ^ 5）由II的插入I的M = C键烯酮亚胺配体通过杂原子X的孤对配位，通过与非质子亲核试剂如II或吡啶分离，可以容易地以高收率从III获得新的硫代和硒代烯酮亚胺V。V也可以直接由I与两个等价的II的反应获得。
Antiaromatische Verbindungen; 28.<sup>1</sup>Eine Synthese von Pyrrol-Derivaten aus Tri-<i>tert</i>-butylazet und Isonitrilen oder Kohlenmonoxid
Antiaromatic Compounds; 28.1. A Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives from Tri-tert-butylazete and Isonitriles or Carbon Monoxide The kinetically stabilized azete 4 reacts with isonitriles 5 in a sequence of [4 + 1] cycloaddition and ring-opening steps to yield 2- and 3-imino substituted 2H- and 3H-pyrrole derivatives 8,9. The α-methylene isonitriles 10 react analogously, but the formation of 2- and 3-iminopyrroles is still followed by an [1,5]-shift which leads to 2- and 3-aminopyrroles 13,14. With carbon monoxide the azete 4 is transformed into the 2H-pyrrole-2-one and 3H-pyrrole-3-one 18 and 19.
