The three-dimensional structure of
Corynebacterium
2,5-diketo-
d
-gluconic acid reductase A (2,5-DKGR A; EC 1.1.1.-), in complex with cofactor NADPH, has been solved by using x-ray crystallographic data to 2.1-Å resolution. This enzyme catalyzes stereospecific reduction of 2,5-diketo-
d
-gluconate (2,5-DKG) to 2-keto-
l
-gulonate. Thus the three-dimensional structure has now been solved for a prokaryotic example of the aldo–keto reductase superfamily. The details of the binding of the NADPH cofactor help to explain why 2,5-DKGR exhibits lower binding affinity for cofactor than the related human aldose reductase does. Furthermore, changes in the local loop structure near the cofactor suggest that 2,5-DKGR will not exhibit the biphasic cofactor binding characteristics observed in aldose reductase. Although the crystal structure does not include substrate, the two ordered water molecules present within the substrate-binding pocket are postulated to provide positional landmarks for the substrate 5-keto and 4-hydroxyl groups. The structural basis for several previously described active-site mutants of 2,5-DKGR A is also proposed. Recent research efforts have described a novel approach to the synthesis of
l
-ascorbate (vitamin C) by using a genetically engineered microorganism that is capable of synthesizing 2,5-DKG from glucose and subsequently is transformed with the gene for 2,5-DKGR. These modifications create a microorganism capable of direct production of 2-keto-
l
-gulonate from
d
-glucose, and the gulonate can subsequently be converted into vitamin C. In economic terms, vitamin C is the single most important specialty chemical manufactured in the world. Understanding the structural determinants of specificity, catalysis, and stability for 2,5-DKGR A is of substantial commercial interest.
使用X射线晶体学数据解析了与辅因子
NADPH结合的Corynebacterium 2,5-二酮-
D-葡萄糖酸还原酶A(2,5-DKGR A;
EC 1.1.1.-)的三维结构,分辨率为2.1埃。该酶催化2,5-二酮-
D-葡萄糖酸(2,5-DKG)的立体特异性还原为2-酮-L-
古龙酸。因此,现在已经解决了一种原核
生物的醛酮还原酶超家族的三维结构。
NADPH辅因子结合的细节有助于解释为什么2,5-DKGR的结合亲和力比相关的人类醛糖还原酶低。此外,辅因子附近的局部环结构的变化表明,2,5-DKGR不会表现出醛糖还原酶观察到的双相辅因子结合特性。虽然晶体结构不包括底物,但位于底物结合口袋内的两个有序
水分子被推测为底物5-酮基和
4-羟基的位置标志。还提出了2,5-DKGR A的几个先前描述的活性位点突变的结构基础。最近的研究努力描述了一种新的方法,即使用能够从
葡萄糖合成2,5-DKG的
基因工程微
生物,随后转化为2,5-DKGR
基因,从而创建一种能够直接从
D-葡萄糖生产2-酮-L-
古龙酸的微
生物,然后将
古龙酸转化为
维生素C。在经济方面,
维生素C是全球最重要的特种
化学品。了解2,5-DKGR A的特异性、催化和稳定性的结构决定因素具有重要的商业利益。