with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water. Pdnanoparticles were immobilized on these poly(NIPAM-co-4-VP) hydrogels. The heterogeneous Pdcatalyst showed high catalytic activities for carbon–carbon couplingreactions, such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck–Mizoroki, and Sonogashira couplingreactions in water. The Pdcatalystimmobilized on poly(NIPAM-co-4-VP) hydrogel (NIPAM:4-VP = 1:1 M ratio)
It has been found that a new and practical catalyst system of ruthenium-supported on alumina carries out copper-free Sonogashiracoupling reactions with high efficiency over a wide range of substrates under mild and convenient conditions.
tri-palladium clusters [Pd3]+ were successfully applied in the catalytic Sonogashira and Heck couplings. For both reactions, these palladium triangles showed excellent reactivities even in gram-scale syntheses and presented exclusive selectivity to aryl iodides over the other halogenated aromatics. HRMS tracking of [Pd3]+ in both reactions revealed their robustness.