The active site accessibility aspect of montmorillonite for ketone yield in ester rearrangement
作者:N. J. Venkatesha、B. S. Jai Prakash、Y. S. Bhat
DOI:10.1039/c4cy01356e
日期:——
A new term Volume Accessibility Factor (VAF), the product of micropore volume and acidity, correlates with ketone formation in modified montmorillonite.
一个新术语“体积可及性因子(VAF)”,是微孔体积和酸度的乘积,与改性蒙脱石中酮形成相关。
Novel extractants for the recovery of palladium
申请人:Allied Corporation
公开号:US04705896A1
公开(公告)日:1987-11-10
Novel ortho alkoxy substituted phenyl oxime compounds which are useful for selectively separating and recovering palladium from aqueous compositions and mixtures containing palladium and other metals.
新型的邻烷氧基取代苯基肟化合物,可用于从含钯和其他金属的水溶液和混合物中选择性地分离和回收钯。
Active and deactive modes of modified montmorillonite in p-cresol acylation
作者:N.J. Venkatesha、B.M. Chandrashekara、B.S. Jai Prakash、Y.S. Bhat
DOI:10.1016/j.molcata.2014.05.017
日期:2014.10
para-Toluene sulphonic acid (p-TSA)-treated montmorillonite clay used as heterogeneous catalyst in acylation of para-cresol (PC) with aliphatic carboxylic acids. Reactions were studied under microwave and conventional modes of heating and reaction conditions were optimized by varying mole ratio, temperature, amount of catalyst and reaction time. Under optimized conditions the reaction was carried out involving p-cresol and decanoic acid. The reaction involved two steps, O-acylation involving ester formation followed by the Fries rearrangement involving C-acylation resulting in ketone product. Microwave heating mode showed higher conversion and the catalytic activity almost retained in repeated use. On the other hand the catalytic activity dropped by more than 50% in the case of conventional heating indicating rapid deactivation. A change in the color of the used catalyst was more intense in the case of conventional than in the microwave heating. Used catalysts were characterized for surface area and pore volume by BET technique, acidity by FTIR spectroscopy and amount of coke by TGA. Further investigations on the catalyst used in conventional heating revealed that the deactivation occurred during the O-acylation and not in the subsequent Fries rearrangement. However, the catalyst in the microwave irradiated reaction, exhibited a retarded rate of formation of coke precursors on the surface during O-acylation, thus preventing any decrease in catalytic activity. Present study indicates that the technique chosen for heating the reaction medium plays an important role in suppressing deactivation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Microwave-induced deactivation-free catalytic activity of BEA zeolite in acylation reactions
作者:B.M. Chandra Shekara、B.S. Jai Prakash、Y.S. Bhat
DOI:10.1016/j.jcat.2012.03.005
日期:2012.6
Solventless liquid-phase acylation of p-cresol with different aliphatic carboxylic acids like acetic, propionic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids was investigated over BEA zeolite under conventional as well as microwave heating. An unanticipated huge difference in activity was observed between two modes of heating. Under conventional heating, conversion of all the acids was less than 20%, while under microwave heating, the conversion was in the range of 50-80%. Ester formed through O-acylation and ortho-hydroxyketone formed through Fries rearrangement of the ester were the only products. Conversion of carboxylic acid increased with chain length up to hexanoic acid and then it showed a decrease in the trend. With all the acids, O-acylation occurred rapidly followed by slow conversion to ortho-hydroxyketone. The ketone/ester ratio increased with catalyst amount, temperature, and reaction time. Used catalyst samples were characterized by TGA, XRD, and IR studies to understand lower activity and deactivation behavior under conventional heating. The results showed absence of coke precursor/coke on the catalyst used in microwave-irradiated reactions in contrast to catalyst used in conventionally heated ones. Higher yield in the case of microwave-assisted reactions is attributed to the prevention of coke precursor/coke on the active sites by microwaves. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Mass spectra of 1-(2′-hydroxy-5′-alkylphenyl)-1-alkanone (E)-oximes
作者:Marek Łozyński、Ewa Krzyzanowska
DOI:10.1002/oms.1210210108
日期:1986.1
AbstractThe mass spectra of 1‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐alkylphenyl)‐1‐ethanone (E)‐oximes 1–6 and 1‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methylphenyl)‐1‐alkanone (E)‐oximes 7–12 are given and the major fragmentation pathways discussed. The simultaneous loss of water and alkyl moieties from the molecular ion indicates that a skeletal rearrangement take place and a cycloheptatrienyloheterocyclic system is formed. The McLafferty rearrangement, γ‐fission in the side aliphatic chain and oxygen expulsion are discussed with evidence being drawn from accurate mass measurements, metastable ions and comparison with mass spectral data of related compounds.