G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is being recently considered to be a new potential drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of its role in the enhancement of free fatty acid-regulated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. We initially identified benzyloxyphenylproparoic acid (1b) (EC50 = 510 nM), which was designed based on the structure of free fatty acids, as a promising lead compound with GPR40 agonist activity. Chemical modification of compound 1b led to the discovery of 3-4-[(2',6'-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)methoxy]-2-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid (4p) as a potent GPR40 agonist (EC50 = 5,7 nM). Compound 4p exhibited acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles and significant glucose-lowering effects during an oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic rat;. Moreover, no hypoglycemic event was observed even after administration of a high dose of compound 4p to normal fasted rats. These pharmacological results suggest that GPR40 agonists might be novel glucose-dependent insulin secretagogues with little or no risk of hypoglycemia.
bond and δ-π interactions with Leu135, which demonstrated the feasibility of our design strategy. Moreover, lead compounds 3 and 9 revealed improved polar surface area compared to GW9508, and have considerable hypoglycemic effects in mice. This structure-based study might inspire us to design more promising FFA1 agonists by increasing additional interactions with the residues outside of binding pocket