Designer Cathinones N-Ethylhexedrone and Buphedrone Show Different In Vitro Neurotoxicity and Mice Behaviour Impairment
作者:Cristina de Mello-Sampayo、Ana Rita Vaz、Sara C. Henriques、Adelaide Fernandes、Fabiana Paradinha、Pedro Florindo、Paulo Faria、Rui Moreira、Dora Brites、Alvaro Lopes
DOI:10.1007/s12640-020-00229-6
日期:2021.4
N-Ethylhexedrone (NEH) and buphedrone (Buph) are emerging synthetic cathinones (SC) with limited information about their detrimental effects within central nervous system. Objectives: To distinguish mice behavioural changes by NEH and Buph and validate their differential harmful impact on human neurons and microglia. In vivo safety data showed the typical induced behaviour of excitation and stereotypies with 4–64 mg/kg, described for other SC. Buph additionally produced jumping and aggressiveness signs, while NEH caused retropulsion and circling. Transient reduction in body-weight gain was obtained with NEH at 16 mg/kg and induced anxiolytic-like behaviour mainly with Buph. Both drugs generated place preference shift in mice at 4 and 16 mg/kg, suggestive of abuse potential. In addition, mice withdrawn NEH displayed behaviour suggestive of depression, not seen with Buph. When tested at 50–400 μM in human nerve cell lines, NEH and Buph caused neuronal viability loss at 100 μM, but only NEH produced similar results in microglia, indicating different cell susceptibilities. NEH mainly induced microglial late apoptosis/necrosis, while Buph caused early apoptosis. NEH was unique in triggering microglia shorter/thicker branches indicative of cell activation, and more effective in increasing microglial lysosomal biogenesis (100 μM vs. 400 μM Buph), though both produced the same effect on neurons at 400 μM. These findings indicate that NEH and Buph exert neuro-microglia toxicities by distinct mechanisms and highlight NEH as a specific inducer of microglia activation. Buph and NEH showed in vivo/in vitro neurotoxicities but enhanced specific NEH-induced behavioural and neuro-microglia dysfunctionalities pose safety concerns over that of Buph.
N-乙基己酮(NEH)和布非德龙(Buph)是新兴的合成卡他命类物质(SC),关于它们对中枢神经系统的不良影响的相关信息有限。研究目标:区分NEH和Buph对小鼠行为的影响,并验证它们对人类神经元和小胶质细胞的不同有害影响。体内安全数据显示,在4–64 mg/kg剂量下,NEH和Buph引起了典型的兴奋和刻板行为,这在其他SC中也有描述。Buph此外还表现出跳跃和攻击性行为,而NEH则导致向后推和旋转。在16 mg/kg剂量下,NEH导致体重增加暂时减少,并主要使Buph引起类抗焦虑行为。两种药物在4和16 mg/kg剂量下均导致小鼠产生地方偏好变化,提示其有滥用潜力。此外,停止服用NEH的小鼠表现出抑郁样行为,而Buph则没有。当在50–400 μM条件下测试人类神经细胞系时,NEH和Buph在100 μM下导致神经元活力下降,但只有NEH在小胶质细胞中产生类似结果,这表明细胞的易感性不同。NEH主要诱导小胶质细胞的晚期凋亡/坏死,而Buph则导致早期凋亡。NEH在诱发小胶质细胞短而粗的突起方面独具特色,表明细胞激活,并在增加小胶质细胞溶酶体生物发生方面更有效(100 μM对比400 μM Buph),尽管在400 μM剂量下,两者对神经元的影响相同。这些发现表明,NEH和Buph通过不同机制对神经元和小胶质细胞产生神经毒性,并突出了NEH作为小胶质细胞激活的特定诱导者。Buph和NEH均显示出体内/体外的神经毒性,但NEH诱导的特定行为和神经-小胶质细胞功能障碍的增强,导致对其安全性提出了关注,相较之下Buph的安全性问题则较小。