Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
New pyridine and chromene scaffolds as potent vasorelaxant and anticancer agents
作者：Dina H. Dawood、Aladdin M. Srour、Dalia O. Saleh、Kelley J. Huff、Francesca Greco、Helen M. I. Osborn
DOI：10.1039/d1ra04758b
日期：——
the experimental compounds at 10 μM on the MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines illustrated the excellent anti-proliferative properties of derivatives 3d, 3g and 3i. Compound 3d was the most potent analogue with IC50 = 4.55 ± 0.88 and 9.87 ± 0.89 μM against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, respectively. Moreover, compound 3d stimulated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the S phase in MCF-7 cells in addition
Selective synthesis of E-isomers of aldoximes via a domino aza-Michael/retro-Michael reaction
作者：Wei Chen、Wei-Guo Yu、Hai-Bo Shi、Xiao-Yan Lu
DOI：10.2478/s11696-012-0137-3
日期：2012.1.1
Abstract
A highly stereoselective synthesis of E-isomer of aldoximes was developed through a base-catalysed domino aza-Michael/retro-Michael reaction of hydroxylamine and 2-(R-benzylidene)malononitrile. This reaction generates (E)-aldoxime diastereomer in high yields (eight examples, isolated yields of 82-93 %), excellent diastereomeric purity (diastereomeric ratio higher than 95: 5 by 1H NMR), and proceeds under mild reaction conditions (aqueous NaOH, pH 12, room temperature, 4 h).
PREPARATION OF NEW DERIVATIVES OF THIAZOLE, THIAZOLIDINE, AND THIAZOL-2-YLPYRAZOLO[3,4-D]PYRIMIDINE SULFONAMIDO CONJUGATES
作者：Moustafa M. Khafagy、Ahmed A. El-Maghraby、Saber M. Hassan、Mahmoud S. Bashandy
DOI：10.1080/10426500490475049
日期：2004.10.1
Several new thiazoles ( 3–7 ), thiazolylpyrazole carbonitrile ( 10 , 11 ), and Thiazolidine sulfonamido conjugate derivatives ( 19–26 ) were prepared starting with p-Piperidinesulfonylacetophenones ( 1 , 2 ). The structure of these compounds was elucidated on the bases of elemental analysis, IR, PMR, and massspectra. The antimicrobial activities of some selected compounds are also reported.
Studies with polyfunctionally substituted heteroaromatics: synthesis of several new thiazoles, pyrazolo[5,1-c]triazines and of polyfunctionally substituted pyridines and pyrimidines.
作者：Ahmed H.H. Elghandour、Mohamed K.A. Ibrahim、Said M.M. Elshikh、Fawzy M.M. Ali
DOI：10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85619-2
日期：1992.1
Several thiazolin-4-one(3), 1,2,4-triazinethione (13), pyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4-triazine (16) and pyridine (23) derivatives could be obtained via the reaction of iminoether (1) derivative with thioglycolic acid, aryldiazonium chloride, 3-arylpyrazol-5-yl diazonium chloride and alkylidenemalononitrile derivatives, respectively. The reaction mechanism for each one was discussed. All structure were suggested
Synthesis and antitumor screening of new series of pyrimido-[4,5-b]quinolines and [1,2,4]triazolo[2′,3′:3,4]pyrimido[6,5-b]quinolines
作者：M. B. El-Ashmawy、M. A. El-Sherbeny、N. S. El-Gohary
DOI：10.1007/s00044-012-0272-y
日期：2013.6
New series of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolines and [1,2,4]triazolo[2′,3′:3,4]pyrimido[6,5-b]quinolines have been synthesized. Compounds 4a, 4e, 4f, 4h, 5b, 5d, 6a, 6d, 6e, 8c, 8d, 10c–e, 10h, 11a, 11b, and 12a were tested for in vitro antitumor activity against human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell line, where compound 8d was found to be the most active member with IC50 value of 3.62 μM. The DNA-binding affinity
合成了新系列的嘧啶并[4,5- b ]喹啉和[1,2,4]三唑并[2'，3'：3,4]嘧啶并[6,5- b ]喹啉。测试了化合物4a，4e，4f，4h，5b，5d，6a，6d，6e，8c，8d，10c – e，10h，11a，11b和12a对人乳腺癌的体外抗肿瘤活性（MCF-7 ）细胞系，其中化合物8d是IC 50最活跃的成员值为3.62μM。对相同化合物的DNA结合亲和力表明化合物8d和10d表现出对DNA的最高亲和力。报告了详细的合成，光谱和生物学数据。
