Microbiological survey of dialysate: Vantage of use of sterile bag concentrate
摘要:
SummaryHaemodialysed patients are exposed to nearly 400 litres of dialysis water weekly. The bacterial contamination of treated dialysate and water induces acute pyrogenic reactions or chronic damage and cytokine activation.The aim of this study was to value the microbiological parameters of dialysis water and dialysate of our monitors by bacterial culture (measured as colony forming units [CFU]) of water samples at 37 °C after 48 hours, at 22 °C after 72 hours and after seven days, and by measuring endotoxin levels (endotoxin units [EU]).In our centre, there are 16 monitors (6 monitors use sterile dialysate fluid and 10 monitors use non sterile dialysate fluid). The chemicals used for disinfection are chlorine and paracetic acid. Water samples were taken under sterile procedures every three months for a year.No bacteria were found in the samples of water of the dialysis ring; EU were lower than the limit value of 0.25 EU/ml fixed by the European Pharmacopoeia.The concentration of CFU and EU of the dialysate, taken from monitors with a sterile bag, were lower than those of other monitors (p < 0.05 t Student test). However, the levels of CFU/ml and EU/ml of dialysate samples, taken from monitors with a non‐sterile bag, were lower than the guideline value of the European Pharmacopoeia (v.n. CFU < 50 CFU/ml and EU < 0,05 EU/ml).Frequent examination of CFU and EU is essential to reduce the damage caused by the use of contaminated water, therefore the goal of future dialytic techniques will be the use of “sterile dialysate”.
Mild bottom-up synthesis of indium(0) nanoparticles: characterization and application in the allylation of carbonyl compounds
作者:Viviana Dorn、Alicia Chopa、Gabriel Radivoy
DOI:10.1039/c5ra27928c
日期:——
Very reactive, monodisperse (4.0 ± 0.5 nm) spherical indium(0) nanoparticles have been generated in situ, in a simple, mild and efficient way, by fast reduction of commercially available indium(III) chloride with lithium sand and a catalytic amount of 4,4′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (DTBB) in THF, at room temperature, and in the absence of any anti-agglomeration additives or ligands. The as-synthesized
Regio- and Diastereoselective Ene Reaction of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione with Chiral Allylic Alcohols and Their Derivatives
作者:Ay-Hua Gau、Guey-Liang Lin、Biing-Jiun Uang、Fen-Ling Liao、Sue-Lein Wang
DOI:10.1021/jo980835g
日期:1999.4.1
Chiral allylic alcohols la-e reacted with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) in CH2Cl2 to produce 3-amino-1-alken-4-ols 2 and 3 in 78-89% yields, with 68-90% diastereomeric excess (de) in favor of the three isomer. Chiral allylic ethers If,g and acetates Ih,i gave similar yields but lower de (34-66%). Reaction of allylic alcohols 6a-e with PTAD in CH2Cl2 produced 1,3-regioisomers 7 and 8 exclusively in 33-65% yields without apparent diastereoselectivity, except when R-1 was a Bu-t group, in which case only syn product 7 was formed. However, when 6a or 6c was subjected to reaction with PTAD in a polar solvent, up to 88% de was observed. Reaction of allylic ethers 6f,g and acetates 6h,i with PTAD in CH2Cl2 also produced 7 and 8 exclusively with improved yields (56-96%) and diastereoselectivity (50-100% de in favor of the syn isomer).
Thermal rearrangement of a 2-methylenebicyclo[2.1.1]hexane
作者:Thomas Gibson
DOI:10.1021/jo00319a006
日期:1981.3
GIBSON T., J. ORG. CHEM., 1981, 46, NO 6, 1073-1076
作者:GIBSON T.
DOI:——
日期:——
Mn- and Co-Catalyzed Aminocyclizations of Unsaturated Hydrazones Providing a Broad Range of Functionalized Pyrazolines
作者:Moritz Balkenhohl、Sebastian Kölbl、Tony Georgiev、Erick M. Carreira