(1S,12R,14R)-9-methoxy-4-methyl-11-oxa-4-azatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.06,17]heptadeca-6(17),7,9,15-tetraen-14-ol

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 生物碱及其衍生物 - 石蒜科生物碱
• 英文名称: (1S,12R,14R)-9-methoxy-4-methyl-11-oxa-4-azatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.06,17]heptadeca-6(17),7,9,15-tetraen-14-ol
• 化学式: C₁₇H₂₁NO₃
• 分子量: 287.35
• InChiKey: ASUTZQLVASHGKV-QEORTHHSSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  1.8
• 重原子数：
  21
• 可旋转键数：
  1
• 环数：
  4.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.53
• 拓扑面积：
  41.9
• 氢给体数：
  1
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

消除途径：加兰他敏通过肝脏细胞色素P450酶代谢，葡萄糖醛酸化，并以原型药物形式通过尿液排出。 半衰期：7小时

Route of Elimination: Galantamine is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, glucuronidated, and excreted unchanged in the urine. Half Life: 7 hours

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

加兰他敏是一种胆碱酯酶或乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）抑制剂。胆碱酯酶抑制剂（或“抗胆碱酯酶”）抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用。由于其基本功能，干扰乙酰胆碱酯酶作用的化学物质是强大的神经毒素，低剂量时会导致过度流涎和眼泪，随后是肌肉痉挛，最终导致死亡。神经气体和许多用于杀虫剂的物质已被证明通过结合乙酰胆碱酯酶活性位点的丝氨酸，完全抑制该酶。乙酰胆碱酯酶分解神经递质乙酰胆碱，后者在神经和肌肉接头处释放，以使肌肉或器官得以放松。乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制的结果是乙酰胆碱积累并继续发挥作用，使得任何神经冲动不断传递，肌肉收缩不会停止。最常见的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂之一是基于磷的化合物，它们被设计成与酶的活性位点结合。结构要求是一个带有两个亲脂性基团的磷原子，一个离去基团（如卤素或硫氰酸盐）和一个终端氧。

Galantamine is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

急性接触胆碱酯酶抑制剂可能会导致胆碱能危象，表现为严重的恶心/呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、昏厥和抽搐。肌肉无力可能性增加，如果涉及呼吸肌，可能会导致死亡。在运动神经上乙酰胆碱的积累会导致神经肌肉接头处尼古丁受体的过度刺激。当这种情况发生时，可能会看到肌肉无力、疲劳、肌肉痉挛、肌束震颤和麻痹的症状。当自主神经节上乙酰胆碱积累时，这会导致交感系统中尼古丁受体的过度刺激。与此相关的症状是高血压和低血糖。由于乙酰胆碱的积累，中枢神经系统中尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体的过度刺激会导致焦虑、头痛、抽搐、共济失调、呼吸和循环抑制、震颤、全身无力，甚至可能昏迷。当由于副交感神经末梢乙酰胆碱过多而在毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体上表现出毒蕈碱过度刺激时，可能会出现视力障碍、胸部紧绷、由于支气管收缩引起的喘息、支气管分泌物增加、唾液分泌增加、流泪、出汗、肠蠕动和排尿的症状。对于男性和女性，与有机磷农药暴露特别相关的生殖效果包括生育能力、生长和发育。关于生殖效果的研究大多是在农村地区使用杀虫剂和昆虫杀虫剂的农民进行的。在女性中，月经周期紊乱、怀孕时间延长、自然流产、死产以及后代的一些发育效果与有机磷农药暴露有关。产前暴露与胎儿生长和发育受损有关。神经毒性效应也与有机磷农药中毒有关，在人类中引起四种神经毒性效应：胆碱能综合症、中间综合症、有机磷诱导的迟发性多发性神经病（OPIDP）和慢性有机磷诱导的神经精神障碍（COPIND）。这些综合症在急性接触和慢性接触有机磷农药后出现。

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口腔

Oral

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

低剂量暴露的症状包括过度流涎和眼泪。急性剂量症状包括严重恶心/呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、虚脱和抽搐。肌肉无力可能会逐渐加剧，如果呼吸肌肉受影响，可能会导致死亡。还可能出现高血压、低血糖、焦虑、头痛、颤抖和共济失调。

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

文献信息

• METHODS AND COMBINATION THERAPIES FOR TREATING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
  申请人：Hung David T.

  公开号：US20100152108A1

  公开（公告）日：2010-06-17

  The invention provides methods and combination therapies for treating and/or preventing and/or slowing the onset and/or development of Alzheimer's disease using a hydrogenated pyrido (4,3-b) indole (e.g., dimebon) in conjunction with another compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

  该发明提供了一种治疗和/或预防和/或减缓阿尔茨海默病的发作和/或发展的方法和联合疗法，使用氢化吡啶并哌啶(例如二甲苯胺)与另一化合物、其药用盐或治疗阿尔茨海默病的疗法结合。