单糖
单糖是由3～7个碳原子与氢及氧原子结合形成的多羟基醛或酮，其中最简单的单糖为含3个碳原子的丙糖。随着碳原子数目的增加，依次有丁糖、戊糖和己糖等。在人体内，重要的戊糖包括核糖和脱氧核糖，它们分别组成核糖核酸与脱氧核糖核酸。生物学上最重要的三种单糖是葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖，其共同化学式为C6H12O6。
这些单糖具有特定的结构特征：含有醛基或酮基，其中葡萄糖和半乳糖含有醛基，而果糖则含酮基。由于它们具有还原性，可用于检查尿液或血液中的糖分含量。此外，单糖还具备多个羟基，能够参与典型的酯化、成苷、脱氧、脱水及氨基化的反应。
作为许多糖类的基本单位，食物中的复杂糖类在消化后会被分解为单糖，并主要在小肠上部被吸收。不同类型的单糖吸收速度各异：葡萄糖的吸收率为100%，半乳糖为110%，果糖为43%，甘露糖为19%，木酮糖为15%，而阿拉伯糖仅为9%。
单糖不仅是构成海洋生物、海水和海洋沉积物中糖类物质的基本组分，还广泛存在于其中。在海洋浮游生物中，常见的单糖按丰度顺序包括半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、核糖、木糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖。多数情况下，这些单糖以多聚糖或结合形式存在于生物体内，并且也普遍存在于海水中。
在海洋环境中，果糖的来源有限，但在海水中能够通过差向异构化从葡萄糖转化而来。海水中的单糖浓度一般为0—20微克/升，通常以10微克碳/升代表总游离单糖的浓度。海水中单糖含量可通过METH法测定；对于葡萄糖，则常用酶促或生物鉴定法直接测量。在进行所有个别单糖的测定时，通常采用色谱分离方法。
由于单糖是非挥发性化合物，在使用气相色谱法检测时需要经衍生化处理。常用的液相色谱技术包括乙醇/水分配色谱和硼酸络合物离子交换色谱等。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-甲基伞形酮-2-乙酸胺基-2-脱氧-Α-D-吡喃葡糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside | 80265-04-9 | C18H21NO8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮 beta-D-甘露糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-mannopyranoside | 67909-30-2 | C16H18O8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮 2,3,4,6-O-四乙酰基-alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | 4′-methylumbelliferyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranoside | 28541-71-1 | C24H26O12 |
|
| 4-甲基-7-乙酰氧基香豆素-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 6160-78-7 | C16H18O8 |
|
| 4-氯苯基-Β-D-葡萄糖苷 | 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 4756-30-3 | C12H15ClO6 |
|
| 4-氯苯基-2-乙酰氨基-3,4,6-三-氧-乙酰基-2-脱氧-Β-D-葡萄糖苷 | p-chlorophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside | 50729-97-0 | C20H24ClNO9 |
|
| 4-氯苯基-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-Β-D-葡萄糖苷 | 4-chlorophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyarnoside | 50730-05-7 | C14H18ClNO6 |
|
| 4-氯-3-吲哚基beta-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside | 135313-63-2 | C14H16ClNO6 |
|
| 4-氨基苯基-beta-l-岩藻吡喃糖苷 | 4-aminophenyl β-L-fucopyranoside | 69936-58-9 | C12H17NO5 |
|
| 4-氨基苯基-alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | p-aminophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside | 34213-86-0 | C12H17NO6 |
|
| 4-氨基苯基-1-硫代-β-D-葡萄糖苷 | (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-((4-aminophenyl)thio)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol | 58737-22-7 | C12H17NO5S |
|
| 4-异硫氰基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-Isothiocyanatophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside | 20581-41-3 | C13H15NO6S |
|
| 4-异硫氢酸苯基-Α-D-甘露糖苷 | [p-isothiocyanato]-phenyl α-D-mannopyranoside | 96345-79-8 | C13H15NO6S |
|
| 4-O-乙酰基-2,5-酐-1,3-O-异亚丙基-6-O-三苯甲游基-D-葡萄烯糖 | Acetic acid (4aS,6R,7R,7aR)-2,2-dimethyl-6-trityloxymethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-yl ester | 65729-83-1 | C30H32O6 |
|
| 4,7,8,9-四-O-乙酰基-N-乙酰神经氨酸甲酯 | 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester | 84380-10-9 | C20H29NO13 |
|
| 4,6-亚乙基-alpha-D-葡萄糖 | 4,6-o-ethylidene-α-D-glucose | 13224-99-2 | C8H14O6 |
|
| 4,6-o-亚苄基-a-d-甘露糖苷甲酯 | 6-Methoxy-2-phenyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxine-7,8-diol | 4148-58-7 | C14H18O6 |
|
| 4,6-O-亚苄基-D-吡喃葡萄糖 | 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucose | 30688-66-5 | C13H16O6 |
|
| 4,6-O-乙叉-D-吡喃葡萄糖 | 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucopyranose | 18465-50-4 | C8H14O6 |
|
| 3-脱氧-d-葡萄糖 | 3-deoxy-D-glucose | 2490-91-7 | C6H12O5 |
|
| 3-羧基香豆素-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸 | 3-Carboxyumbelliferyl-b-D-glucuronide | 216672-17-2 | C16H14O11 |
|
| 3-羧基香豆素-Β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 3-Carboxyumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside | 64664-99-9 | C16H16O10 |
|
| 3-硝基苯-Alpha-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | meta-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside | 3150-25-2 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 3-硝基苯 β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 3-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside | 3150-25-2 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 3-氟-3-脱氧-D-吡喃糖 | 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose | 14049-03-7 | C6H11FO5 |
|
| 3-吲哚基-beta-D-葡糖苷酸环己胺盐 | Indoxyl glucuronide | 35804-66-1 | C14H15NO7 |
|
| 3-吲哚基-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 3-indoxyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 487-60-5 | C14H17NO6 |
|
| 3-吲哚基-beta-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-((1H-indol-3-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol | 126787-65-3 | C14H17NO6 |
|
| 3-叠氮-2,3-二脱氧基-1-O-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-β-D-阿拉伯-六吡喃糖 | 3-azido-1-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-arabinohexopyranoside | 189454-43-1 | C12H25N3O4Si |
|
| 3-乙酰氨基-3-脱氧-D-葡萄糖 | 3-Acetamido-3-deoxy-D-glucose | 14086-88-5 | C8H15NO6 |
|
| 3-乙酰氨基-3-脱氧-D-葡萄糖 | N-Acetyl-kanosamin | 14086-88-5 | C8H15NO6 |
|
| 3-乙酰基伞形酮基beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 3-acetyl-7β-D-glucopyranosyloxy | 20943-16-2 | C17H18O9 |
|
| 3-O-苄基-4-C-羟甲基-1,2-O-异亚丙基-ALPHA-D-呋喃核糖 | 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-α-D-ribofuranose | 63593-03-3 | C16H22O6 |
|
| 3-O-苄基-1,2:5,6-双-O-异丙亚基-alpha-D-呋喃半乳糖 | 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-benzyl-α-D-allofuranose | 22331-21-1 | C19H26O6 |
|
| 3-O-苄基-1,2:5,6-O-双异丙叉-α-D-呋喃葡萄糖 | 3-O-benzyl-1,2-5,6-O-diisopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose | 18685-18-2 | C19H26O6 |
|
| 3-O-乙酰基-1,2:5,6-二-O-异丙基-Alpha-D-呋喃(型)葡萄糖 | 3-O-acetyl-1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose | 16713-80-7 | C14H22O7 |
|
| 3,5-二-O-(叔丁基二甲基硅烷)-2-脱氧-D-核糖酸-1,4-内酯 | 3,5-di-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribono-1,4-lactone | 83159-91-5 | C17H36O4Si2 |
|
| 3,4-二乙酰-L-阿醛 | 3,4-di-O-acetyl-L-arabinal | 3945-18-4 | C9H12O5 |
|
| 3,4-二-O-乙酰-1,5-酐-2,6-双脱氧-L-阿拉伯-己-1-糖醇 | 3,4-di-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-L-glucal | 34819-86-8 | C10H14O5 |
|
| 3,4,6-三邻苄基半乳醛 | 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-galactal | 80040-79-5 | C27H28O4 |
|
| 3,4,6-三苄氧基-D-葡萄烯糖 | 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal | 55628-54-1 | C27H28O4 |
|
| 3,4,6-三-o-乙酰基-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-a-d-硫代吡喃葡萄糖苷乙酯 | (5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-ethylsulfanyloxan-2-yl)methyl acetate | 49810-41-5 | C16H25NO8S |
|
| 3,4,6-三-O-苄基-beta-D-吡喃甘露糖-1,2-(甲基原乙酸酯) | 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-O-(methoxyethylidene)-β-D-mannopyranose | 16697-49-7 | C30H34O7 |
|
| 3,4,6-三-O-乙酰基-Alpha-D-吡喃半乳糖-1,2-(甲基原乙酸酯) | 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-O-(1-methoxyethylidene)-α-D-galactopyranose | 50801-29-1 | C15H22O10 |
|
| 3,4,6-O-三乙酰基-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖 | 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose | 69503-94-2 | C12H18O8 |
|
| 2-萘基-β-D-葡糖苷酸钠 | 20838-64-6 | C16H16NaO7 |
|
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| 2-萘基-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 | 2-naphthyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 6044-30-0 | C16H18O6 |
|
| 2-萘基-β-D-半乳糖苷 | 2-naphthyl β-D-galactopyranoside | 33993-25-8 | C16H18O6 |
|
| 2-萘基-α-D-葡萄糖苷 | β-Naphthol-α-D-glucopyranosid | 25320-79-0 | C16H18O6 |
|
| 2-萘基-Α-L-岩藻糖 | Naphthyl-alpha-L-fucoside | 63503-05-9 | C16H18O5 |
|
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