单糖
单糖是由3～7个碳原子与氢及氧原子结合形成的多羟基醛或酮，其中最简单的单糖为含3个碳原子的丙糖。随着碳原子数目的增加，依次有丁糖、戊糖和己糖等。在人体内，重要的戊糖包括核糖和脱氧核糖，它们分别组成核糖核酸与脱氧核糖核酸。生物学上最重要的三种单糖是葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖，其共同化学式为C6H12O6。
这些单糖具有特定的结构特征：含有醛基或酮基，其中葡萄糖和半乳糖含有醛基，而果糖则含酮基。由于它们具有还原性，可用于检查尿液或血液中的糖分含量。此外，单糖还具备多个羟基，能够参与典型的酯化、成苷、脱氧、脱水及氨基化的反应。
作为许多糖类的基本单位，食物中的复杂糖类在消化后会被分解为单糖，并主要在小肠上部被吸收。不同类型的单糖吸收速度各异：葡萄糖的吸收率为100%，半乳糖为110%，果糖为43%，甘露糖为19%，木酮糖为15%，而阿拉伯糖仅为9%。
单糖不仅是构成海洋生物、海水和海洋沉积物中糖类物质的基本组分，还广泛存在于其中。在海洋浮游生物中，常见的单糖按丰度顺序包括半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、核糖、木糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖。多数情况下，这些单糖以多聚糖或结合形式存在于生物体内，并且也普遍存在于海水中。
在海洋环境中，果糖的来源有限，但在海水中能够通过差向异构化从葡萄糖转化而来。海水中的单糖浓度一般为0—20微克/升，通常以10微克碳/升代表总游离单糖的浓度。海水中单糖含量可通过METH法测定；对于葡萄糖，则常用酶促或生物鉴定法直接测量。在进行所有个别单糖的测定时，通常采用色谱分离方法。
由于单糖是非挥发性化合物，在使用气相色谱法检测时需要经衍生化处理。常用的液相色谱技术包括乙醇/水分配色谱和硼酸络合物离子交换色谱等。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,6-二氯-1-β-D-呋喃核糖基苯并咪唑 | 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribobenzimidazole | 53-85-0 | C12H12Cl2N2O4 |
|
| 4-脱氧-4-氟代-D-葡糖糖 | 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose | 29218-07-3 | C6H11FO5 |
|
| 4-脱氧-4-氟-D-甘露糖 | 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-mannose | 87764-47-4 | C6H11FO5 |
|
| 4-胺苯苯基-1-硫代-beta-D-半乳糖苷 | p-Aminophenyl 1-thio-β-D-galaktopyranosid | 29558-05-2 | C12H17NO5S |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-β-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl-β-L-arabinopyranoside | 72732-54-8 | C11H13NO7 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside | 1230-27-9 | C12H15NO7S |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl α-D-galactoside | 7493-95-0 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-Β-D-硫代甘露糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl 1-thio-β-D-mannopyranoside | 55385-51-8 | C12H15NO7S |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-N-乙酰-beta-D-半乳胺 | p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside | 14948-96-0 | C14H18N2O8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-D-吡喃葡糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 3150-24-1 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-BETA-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-mannopyranoside | 35599-02-1 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-BETA-D-吡喃木糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside | 2001-96-9 | C11H13NO7 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-ALPHA-L-阿拉伯糖甙 | p-nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside | 6892-58-6 | C11H13NO7 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-4,6-O-环己叉-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl 4,6-O-cyclohexylidene-β-D-mannopyranoside | 102717-16-8 | C18H23NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide | 3459-18-5 | C14H18N2O8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯基 4,6-O-(苯基亚甲基)-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside | 61169-00-4 | C19H19NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-Β-D-葡萄糖苷酸 | p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide | 10344-94-2 | C12H13NO9 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside | 2492-87-7 | C12H15NO8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-Α-L-吡喃海藻糖苷 | (4-nitro-phenyl)-α-<i>L</i>-fucopyranoside | 10231-84-2 | C12H15NO7 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-N-乙酰基-Alpha-D-氨基葡糖苷 | 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-desoxy-2-acetylamino-α-D-glucopyranoside | 10139-02-3 | C14H18N2O8 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-BETA-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | Orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside | 1154-94-5 | C12H15NO7 |
|
| 4-硝基苯-BETA-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl-β-D-fucopyranoside | 1226-39-7 | C12H15NO7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基3,4,6-三-O-乙酰-2-脱氧-2-苯二甲酰亚氨基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-methoxylphenzyl 2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 138906-41-9 | C27H27NO11 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基2,6-二-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl 2,6-di-O-benzyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 159922-50-6 | C27H30O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基2,6-二-O-苄基-3,4-O-异亚丙基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl 2,6-di-O-benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside | 159922-68-6 | C30H34O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-Alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | p-methoxyphenyl α-D-mannopyranoside | 28541-75-5 | C13H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-3-O-烯丙基-4,6-O-苯亚甲基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl 3-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside | 400091-05-6 | C23H26O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-3,4-O-异亚丙基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside | 159922-67-5 | C16H22O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-2,4,6-三-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | p-methoxyphenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 247027-79-8 | C34H36O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-2,3,4,6-四-O-苄基-Β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | p-methoxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 143536-99-6 | C41H42O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | p-methoxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 14581-81-8 | C21H26O11 |
|
| 4-甲氧苯基-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-Alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | p-methoxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranoside | 17042-40-9 | C21H26O11 |
|
| 4-甲氧基苯基Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl β-D-glucopyranoside | 6032-32-2 | C13H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲氧基苯基-Β-D-半乳糖苷 | 4-methoxyphenyl β-D-galactopyranoside | 3150-20-7 | C13H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Β-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-L-fucopyranoside | 72601-82-2 | C16H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Β-D-呋喃阿拉伯糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-ribofuranoside | 195385-93-4 | C15H16O7 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Β-D-吡喃岩藻糖苷 | 7-((6-Deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one | 55487-93-9 | C16H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷-6-硫酸 | 1-O-(4-methylumbellifer-7-yl)-β-D-galactose-6-sulfate | 126938-14-5 | C16H18O11S |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl α-L-arabinopyranoside | 69414-26-2 | C15H16O7 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-Alpha-L-吡喃艾杜糖醛酸钠盐 | 4-Methylumbelliferyl a-L-idopyranosiduronic acid sodium salt | 89157-94-8 | C16H15NaO9 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素基-2,3,4,6-四-氧-乙酰基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | 4′-methylumbelliferyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranoside | 67945-53-3 | C24H26O12 |
|
| 4-甲基香豆素-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | N-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-3-yl]-acetamide | 37067-30-4 | C18H21NO8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酯-N-乙酰-Β-D-氨基半乳糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamide-2-deoxy-β-D-galactosamide | 36476-29-6 | C18H21NO8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮酰-Β-D-吡喃葡糖酸苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucopyranoside | 18997-57-4 | C16H18O8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮酰-Β-D-吡喃木糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-xyloside | 6734-33-4 | C15H16O7 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮基-Alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖苷 | 4-methylumbellifer-7-yl α-D-mannopyranoside | 28541-83-5 | C16H18O8 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮-Α-N-乙酰基神经氨酸苷钠盐 | 4-MUNANA | 76204-02-9 | C21H24NO11*Na |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮-alpha-l-岩藻吡喃糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl α-L-fucopyranoside | 54322-38-2 | C16H18O7 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮-a-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖苷 | 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-7-yl α-L-arabinofuranoside | 77471-44-4 | C15H16O7 |
|
| 4-甲基伞形酮-Alpha-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | 4-methylumbelliferyl α-D-galactopyranoside | 38597-12-5 | C16H18O8 |
|
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