单糖
单糖是由3～7个碳原子与氢及氧原子结合形成的多羟基醛或酮，其中最简单的单糖为含3个碳原子的丙糖。随着碳原子数目的增加，依次有丁糖、戊糖和己糖等。在人体内，重要的戊糖包括核糖和脱氧核糖，它们分别组成核糖核酸与脱氧核糖核酸。生物学上最重要的三种单糖是葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖，其共同化学式为C6H12O6。
这些单糖具有特定的结构特征：含有醛基或酮基，其中葡萄糖和半乳糖含有醛基，而果糖则含酮基。由于它们具有还原性，可用于检查尿液或血液中的糖分含量。此外，单糖还具备多个羟基，能够参与典型的酯化、成苷、脱氧、脱水及氨基化的反应。
作为许多糖类的基本单位，食物中的复杂糖类在消化后会被分解为单糖，并主要在小肠上部被吸收。不同类型的单糖吸收速度各异：葡萄糖的吸收率为100%，半乳糖为110%，果糖为43%，甘露糖为19%，木酮糖为15%，而阿拉伯糖仅为9%。
单糖不仅是构成海洋生物、海水和海洋沉积物中糖类物质的基本组分，还广泛存在于其中。在海洋浮游生物中，常见的单糖按丰度顺序包括半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、核糖、木糖、岩藻糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖。多数情况下，这些单糖以多聚糖或结合形式存在于生物体内，并且也普遍存在于海水中。
在海洋环境中，果糖的来源有限，但在海水中能够通过差向异构化从葡萄糖转化而来。海水中的单糖浓度一般为0—20微克/升，通常以10微克碳/升代表总游离单糖的浓度。海水中单糖含量可通过METH法测定；对于葡萄糖，则常用酶促或生物鉴定法直接测量。在进行所有个别单糖的测定时，通常采用色谱分离方法。
由于单糖是非挥发性化合物，在使用气相色谱法检测时需要经衍生化处理。常用的液相色谱技术包括乙醇/水分配色谱和硼酸络合物离子交换色谱等。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | nonyl thioglucopyranoside | 98854-15-0 | C15H30O5S |
| —— | 4-Methylumbelliferon-β-D-xylosid | 77471-44-4 | C15H16O7 |
| —— | 4,4-Dimethyl-3,5,9,11-tetraoxatricyclo[6.2.1.02,6]undecan-7-ol | 52579-97-2 | C9H14O5 |
| —— | [5-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6-yl] methanesulfonate | 5450-26-0 | C13H22O8S |
| —— | 4,6-O-Ethylidene-D-glucopyranose | 13224-99-2 | C8H14O6 |
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 7493-95-0 | C12H15NO8 |
| —— | [3,4-Bis(phenylmethoxy)-5-(phenylmethoxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl] 4-nitrobenzoate | 81025-70-9 | C33H31NO8 |
| —— | 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-D-glucose | 132732-60-6 | C27H30O5 |
| —— | 3,4,5-Tris(phenylmethoxy)oxan-2-ol | 18039-26-4 | C26H28O5 |
| —— | n-hexyl 1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside | 85618-19-5 | C12H24O5S |
| —— | (2-Tert-butyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazinan-4-yl)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone | 50259-99-9 | C20H23N3O4 |
| —— | D-glucose 6-phosphate (Na) | 54010-71-8 | C6H12O9P*Na |
| —— | 2-(4-Nitrophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 2001-96-9 | C11H13NO7 |
| —— | (3,5-Dibenzoyloxy-4-imidazol-1-ylsulfonyloxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl benzoate | 97614-42-1 | C29H24N2O10S |
| —— | iron(2+);(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;hydrate | 699014-53-4 | C12H24FeO15 |
| —— | <i>O</i><sup>1</sup>-phosphono-β-<i>D</i>-ribofuranose; compound with cyclohexylamine | 38180-21-1 | C5H11O8P*2C6H13N |
| —— | 3,4,5-tris(benzyloxy)-2-(benzyloxymethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran | 53008-63-2 | C35H38O6 |
| —— | Allyl-β-D-glucosylacetat | 10343-15-4 | C17H24O10 |
| —— | [(3aR,5S,6R,6aR)-5-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6-yl] methanesulfonate | 5450-26-0 | C13H22O8S |
| —— | (1R,2S,6R,8R)-4,4-dimethyl-3,5,9,11-tetraoxatricyclo[6.2.1.02,6]undecan-7-ol | 52579-97-2 | C9H14O5 |
| —— | alpha-D-Galactose 1-phosphate dipotassium salt pentahydrate | 19046-60-7 | C6H21K2O14P |
| —— | (5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-propan-2-yloxyoxan-2-yl)methyl acetate | 7772-85-2 | C17H27NO9 |
| —— | Octylthioglucoside | 85618-21-9 | C14H28O5S |
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-prop-2-enoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 7464-56-4 | C9H16O6 |
| —— | Calcium di-L-arabinonate | 5346-83-8 | C5H10CaO6+2 |
| —— | 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-(alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloxy)-4-methyl- | 69414-26-2 | C15H16O7 |
| —— | N-(2-Dodecyloxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-3-yl)-acetamide | 147025-06-7 | C20H39NO6 |
| —— | D-Glucuro-3,6-lactone | 32449-92-6 | C6H8O6 |
| —— | alpha-D-Galactopyranose, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate), potassium salt (1:2) | 19046-60-7 | C6H15K2O11P |
| —— | Disodium glucose-6-phosphate trihydrate | 3671-99-6 | C6H17Na2O12P |
| —— | [2-Propanoyloxy-2-[3,4,5-tri(propanoyloxy)oxolan-2-yl]ethyl] propanoate | 307531-77-7 | C21H32O11 |
| —— | 4-Fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3-diol | 14537-01-0 | C5H9FO4 |
| —— | D-Fructose, 6-(dihydrogen phosphate), disodium salt | 71662-09-4 | C6H11Na2O9P |
| —— | (3-(Benzoyloxy)-4,4-difluoro-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl benzoate | 122111-01-7 | C19H14F2O6 |
| —— | 3-[3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-bromo-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide | 3395-37-7 | C26H27BrN2O8 |
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-undecoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 70005-86-6 | C17H34O6 |
| —— | 2-[(5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)oxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 171869-92-4 | C14H15BrClNO5 |
| —— | 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1,2-dideoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enopyranose | 55628-54-1 | C27H28O4 |
| —— | 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, 7-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo- | 1260-17-9 | C22H20O13 |
| —— | D-Ribose 1-phosphate cyclohexylamine salt | 58459-37-3 | C17H37N2O8P |
| —— | 1-Deoxy-1-morpholinofructose | 6291-16-3 | C10H19NO7 |
| —— | beta-D-xylo-Hexofuranose, pentapropanoate, (5xi)-(9CI) | 307531-77-7 | C21H32O11 |
| —— | 1-N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosylamine | 38822-56-9 | C12H24N2O6 |
| —— | 2-C-methyl-DL-ribono-1,4-lactone | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
| —— | 2-C-methyl-DL-arabinono-1,4-lactone | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
| —— | isoidide | 641-74-7 | C6H10O4 |
| —— | N-Acetylneuraminsaeure-methylester | 20298-35-5 | C12H21NO9 |
| —— | methyl(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranose) | 20298-35-5 | C12H21NO9 |
| —— | (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-Bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl acetate | 58381-23-0 | C28H30O6 |
| —— | 2-Naphthyl β-D-glucosid | 6044-30-0 | C16H18O6 |
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