UNSTABLE @ ROOM TEMP; STABLE @ 4-5 °C.
D-环丝氨酸是一种由淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)或兰花链霉菌(S. orchidaceus)产生,也可通过化学合成获得的多肽类广谱抗生素。为白色结晶状物质,吸湿性强,易溶于水,可溶于低级醇、丙酮与二氧六环中,难溶于氯仿和石油醚;在碱性溶液中较为稳定,在酸性和中性溶液中则迅速分解。
D-环丝氨酸的抗菌谱广泛,除了对结核杆菌有抑制作用外,还对大多数革兰阳性及阴性细菌、立克次体以及某些原虫等均有抑制效果。它特别适用于耐药结核杆菌(如链霉素、紫霉素、对氨基水杨酸、异烟肼和吡嗪酰胺耐药的结核杆菌)的治疗。环丝氨酸与异烟肼对结核杆菌H37RV有轻度协同作用,而与其他抗结核药物无明显协同或拮抗作用。
作为抑菌剂,D-环丝氨酸增加剂量或延长作用时间不会产生杀菌效果。其抗菌机制在于抑制细胞壁肽聚糖的生物合成,因其是D-丙氨酸的结构类似物,可与D-丙氨酸竞争性地抑制肽聚糖合成过程中的两个重要酶——丙氨酸消旋酶和D-丙氨酰-D-丙氨酸合成酶。对结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的抗菌能力较弱,仅为链霉素的1/10~1/20。
环丝氨酸作为二线抗结核药物,虽能抑制结核杆菌生长,但作用相对一线药较弱,对抗结核病的效果亦较低。单独使用可能会产生耐药性,但其耐药性发生缓慢,与其他抗结核药物之间无交叉耐药性。
D-环丝氨酸的化学性质为无色针状或叶状结晶或无定形粉末,熔点155-156℃(分解),溶于水,微溶于甲醇、乙醇、丁醇、丙二醇和异丙醇中,难溶或不溶于甲苯、氯仿、乙醚、吡啶、苯和二硫化碳。
用途方面,D-环丝氨酸主要用于耐药性结核杆菌的感染治疗,并可用于生化研究、酶抑制剂以及通过抑制细胞壁合成(如D-丙氨酸肽键形成)来防止D-丙氨酸转化为L-丙氨酸的过程。
生产方法上,环丝氨酸可通过发酵法或直接合成法制备。发酵法使用赖氏放线菌(Actinomyces laven-dulae),其发酵培养基含有糊精、葡萄糖、淀粉、黄豆饼粉、酵母粉、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、碳酸钙、氯化钠、硫酸镁和豆油等成分;而合成法则通过将β-氨基氧丙氨酸乙酯二盐酸盐与氢氧化钾反应,最终环合得到环丝氨酸。
Routes to putative N-acyl-D-ala-D-ala surrogates, beginning with the conversion of 4-, 5-, and 6-membered lactones into 5-, 6-, and 7-membered cyclic hydroxamates, are reported. The key step of the synthesis is trimethylaluminium-promoted cyclization of an ω-aminooxyester. The 7-membered cyclic hydroxamate crystallizes in a chair conformation. Extension of the reaction sequence to homoserine or homoserine lactone leads to cyclocanaline and N-acylated cyclocanalines. The 4-phenylacetamido derivative of cyclocanaline crystallizes in a boat conformation. The attachment of a 2-carboxypropyl substituent to the ring nitrogen of a 4-acylaminocyclocanaline has been effected, prior to cyclization, by coupling of the acyclic aminooxyester precursor to the triflate of benzyl lactate or, after cyclization, by coupling to tert-butyl α-bromopropionate in the presence of potassium fluoride alumina, followed by removal of the protecting group in each case. A six-membered homolog of the antibiotic lactivicin has been synthesized by the reaction of 4-phenylacetamidocyclocanaline with benzyl 2-oxoglutarate in the presence of carbodiimide, followed by hydrogenolysis. Starting with methyl 2,4-dibromo-2,4-dideoxy-L-erythronate, which is available in two steps from L-ascorbic acid, these reaction sequences have been applied to the stereospecific synthesis of a D-alanine derivative whose nitrogen atom is enclosed within a 3,4-disubstituted [1,2]oxazinan-3-one. Key words: D-ala-D-ala surrogate, cyclocanaline, homolactivicin, peptidoglycan, trimethylaluminium.