Assessing the Impact of Differential Measurement Error on Estimates of Fine Particle Mortality
摘要:
In air pollution epidemiology, error in measurements of correlated pollutants has been advanced as a reason to distrust regressions that find statistically significant weak associations. Much of the related debate in the literature and elswhere has been qualitative. To promote quantitative evaluation of such errors, this paper develops an air pollution time-series model based on correlations among unit-normal variables. Assuming there are no other sources of bias present, the model shows the expected amount of relative bias in the regression coefficients df a bivariate regression of coarse and fine particulate matter measurements on daily mortality. The model only requires information on instrumental error and spatial variability, along with the observed regression coefficients and information on the true fine-course correlation. Analytical results show that if one pollutant is truly more harmful than the other, then it must be measured more precisely than the other in order not to bias the ratio of the fine and course regression coefficients. Utilizing published data, a case study of the Harvard Six-Cities study illustrates use of the model and emphasizes the need for data on spatial variability across the study area. Current epidemiology time-series regressions can use this model to address the general concern of correlated pollutants with differing measurement errors.
An aerobic metal-free, visible-light-induced regioselective thiolation of phenols with thiophenols is reported. The cross-coupling protocol exhibits great functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that the disulfide radical cation plays a crucial role in the visible-light catalysis of aerobic thiolation. Simply controlling the equivalent ratio of substrates enables
A new polymer-anchored Cu(II) complex has been synthesized and characterized. The catalytic performance of the complex has been tested for the oxidation of sulfides and in oxidative bromination reaction with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Sulfides have been selectively oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides in excellent yields and in the presence of KBr as the bromine source, organic substrates
Manganese-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Thiols with Aryl Iodides
作者:Tsung-Jui Liu、Chih-Lun Yi、Chien-Ching Chan、Chin-Fa Lee
DOI:10.1002/asia.201300045
日期:2013.5
A manganese‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of thiols with aryliodides, furnishing aryl thioethers in good to excellent yields has been reported; the system shows good functional group tolerance and enables the sterically demanding aryliodides to couple with thiols.
Alkyl- and Arylthiodediazoniations of Dry Arenediazonium <i>o</i>-Benzenedisulfonimides. Efficient and Safe Modifications of the Stadler and Ziegler Reactions to Prepare Alkyl Aryl and Diaryl Sulfides
yields were obtained only when sterically hindered diazoniumsalts or thiols were used. A good amount of the o-benzenedisulfonimide (8) was always recovered from the reactions and could be reused to prepare salts 1. The copious experimental data collected in homogeneous conditions have offered several starting points for the study of the mechanism of these reactions.
Copper catalyzed oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with aqueous hydrogen peroxide
作者:Subbarayan Velusamy、Akkilagunta V. Kumar、Rakesh Saini、T. Punniyamurthy
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.194
日期:2005.5
Copper(II) complex 1 catalyzes the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with 30% H2O2 in high yields. Addition of a catalytic amount of TEMPO to the reaction mixture enhances the conversion and selectivity. Complex 1 can be recycled without loss of activity.
铜(II)配合物1以高收率催化硫化物氧化为30%H 2 O 2的亚砜。向反应混合物中加入催化量的TEMPO可提高转化率和选择性。配合物1可以循环使用而不会损失活性。