Preclinical Characterization of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Small Molecule Inhibitors for Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancer Therapy
作者:Hikmat H. Assi、Chris Paran、Nathan VanderVeen、Jonathan Savakus、Robert Doherty、Emanuele Petruzzella、James D. Hoeschele、Henry Appelman、Leda Raptis、Tom Mikkelsen、Pedro R. Lowenstein、Maria G. Castro
DOI:10.1124/jpet.114.214619
日期:2014.6
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been implicated as a hub for multiple oncogenic pathways. The constitutive activation of STAT3 is present in several cancers, including gliomas (GBMs), and is associated with poor therapeutic responses. Phosphorylation of STAT3 triggers its dimerization and nuclear transport, where it promotes the transcription of genes that stimulate tumor growth. In light of this role, inhibitors of the STAT3 pathway are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer. To this end, we evaluated the STAT3-inhibitory activities of three compounds (CPA-7 [trichloronitritodiammineplatinum(IV)], WP1066 [( S , E )-3-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-cyano- N -(1-phenylethyl)acrylamide, C17H14BrN3O], and ML116 [4-benzyl-1-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl}piperidine, C18H19N3S]) in cultured rodent and human glioma cells, including GBM cancer stem cells. Our results demonstrate a potent induction of growth arrest in GBM cells after drug treatment with a concomitant induction of cell death. Although these compounds were effective at inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, they also displayed variable dose-dependent inhibition of STAT1, STAT5, and nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds was further evaluated in peripheral and intracranial mouse tumor models. Whereas CPA-7 elicited regression of peripheral tumors, both melanoma and GBM, its efficacy was not evident when the tumors were implanted within the brain. Our data suggest poor permeability of this compound to tumors located within the central nervous system. WP1066 and ML116 exhibited poor in vivo efficacy. In summary, CPA-7 constitutes a powerful anticancer agent in models of peripheral solid cancers. Our data strongly support further development of CPA-7–derived compounds with increased permeability to enhance their efficacy in primary and metastatic brain tumors.
信号转导子和转录激活子 3 (STAT3) 被认为是多种致癌途径的枢纽。 STAT3 的组成型激活存在于多种癌症中,包括神经胶质瘤 (GBM),并且与不良治疗反应相关。 STAT3 的磷酸化会触发其二聚化和核运输,从而促进刺激肿瘤生长的基因转录。鉴于这一作用,STAT3 通路抑制剂是有吸引力的癌症治疗靶点。为此,我们评估了三种化合物(CPA-7 [三氯亚硝基二氨铂(IV)]、WP1066 [( S , E )-3-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-cyano- N培养的啮齿动物和人类神经胶质瘤细胞(包括 GBM)中的 -(1-苯乙基)丙烯酰胺,C17H14BrN3O] 和 ML116 [4-benzyl-1-噻吩并[2,3-d]嘧啶-4-基}哌啶,C18H19N3S])癌症干细胞。我们的结果表明,药物治疗后可有效诱导 GBM 细胞生长停滞,同时诱导细胞死亡。尽管这些化合物能有效抑制 STAT3 磷酸化,但它们也对活化 B 细胞的 STAT1、STAT5 和核因子 κ 轻链增强子表现出不同的剂量依赖性抑制作用。这些化合物的治疗功效在外周和颅内小鼠肿瘤模型中得到了进一步评估。尽管 CPA-7 能引起周围肿瘤(黑色素瘤和 GBM)消退,但当肿瘤植入脑内时,其功效并不明显。我们的数据表明该化合物对中枢神经系统内肿瘤的渗透性较差。 WP1066和ML116表现出较差的体内功效。总之,CPA-7 在外周实体癌模型中构成了强大的抗癌剂。我们的数据强烈支持进一步开发具有增加渗透性的 CPA-7 衍生化合物,以增强其对原发性和转移性脑肿瘤的疗效。