Itraconazole is extensively metabolized by the liver into a large number of metabolites, including hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite. The main metabolic pathways are oxidative scission of the dioxolane ring, aliphatic oxidation at the 1-methylpropyl substituent, N-dealkylation of this 1-methylpropyl substituent, oxidative degradation of the piperazine ring and triazolone scission.
Itraconazole is metabolized predominantly by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system (CYP3A4), resulting in the formation of several metabolites, including hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite. Results of a pharmacokinetics study suggest that itraconazole may undergo saturable metabolism with multiple dosing.
Itraconazole (ITZ) is metabolized in vitro to three inhibitory metabolites: hydroxy-itraconazole (OH-ITZ), keto-itraconazole (keto-ITZ), and N-desalkyl-itraconazole (ND-ITZ). The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of these metabolites to drug-drug interactions caused by ITZ. Six healthy volunteers received 100 mg ITZ orally for 7 days, and pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted at days 1 and 7 of the study. The extent of CYP3A4 inhibition by ITZ and its metabolites was predicted using this data. ITZ, OH-ITZ, keto-ITZ, and ND-ITZ were detected in plasma samples of all volunteers. A 3.9-fold decrease in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of a CYP3A4 substrate was predicted using the average unbound steady-state concentrations (C(ss,ave,u)) and liver microsomal inhibition constants for ITZ, OH-ITZ, keto-ITZ, and ND-ITZ. Accounting for circulating metabolites of ITZ significantly improved the in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of CYP3A4 inhibition compared to a consideration of ITZ exposure alone.
Itraconazole is extensively metabolized by the liver into a large number of metabolites, including hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite. The main metabolic pathways are oxidative scission of the dioxolane ring, aliphatic oxidation at the 1-methylpropyl substituent, N-dealkylation of this 1-methylpropyl substituent, oxidative degradation of the piperazine ring and triazolone scission.
Route of Elimination: Itraconazole is metabolized predominately by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system (CYP3A4) in the liver, resulting in the formation of several metabolites, including hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite. Fecal excretion of the parent drug varies between 3-18% of the dose. Renal excretion of the parent drug is less than 0.03% of the dose. About 40% of the dose is excreted as inactive metabolites in the urine. No single excreted metabolite represents more than 5% of a dose.
Half Life: 21 hours
Itraconazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Itraconazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.
Transient, mild-to-moderate elevations in serum aminotransferase levels occur in 1% to 5% of patients on itraconazole. These elevations are largely asymptomatic and self-limited, resolving even with continuation of therapy. Clinically apparent hepatotoxicity is rare but has been well described and can be severe and even fatal. The liver injury from itraconazole typically presents 1 to 6 months after starting therapy with symptoms of fatigue and jaundice. The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically cholestatic (Case 1), but cases of severe hepatitis with acute liver failure typically have a hepatocellular enzyme pattern (Case 2). Immunoallergic features (rash, fever, eosinophilia) are uncommon as is autoantibody formation. Recovery upon stopping therapy can be delayed for several weeks and generally takes 4 to 10 weeks, although in some cases recovery may be prolonged.
Itraconazole is metabolized predominately by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system (CYP3A4) in the liver, resulting in the formation of several metabolites, including hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite. Fecal excretion of the parent drug varies between 3-18% of the dose. Renal excretion of the parent drug is less than 0.03% of the dose. About 40% of the dose is excreted as inactive metabolites in the urine. No single excreted metabolite represents more than 5% of a dose.
The pharmacokinetics of itraconazole after intravenous administration and its absolute oral bioavailability from an oral solution were studied in a randomized crossover study in 6 healthy male volunteers. The observed absolute oral bioavailability of itraconazole was 55%.
Revision number: 5 Section 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS classification PHYSICAL HAZARDS Not classified HEALTH HAZARDS Acute toxicity (Oral) Category 4 Category 2 Skin corrosion/irritation Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2A Not classified ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS GHS label elements, including precautionary statements Pictograms or hazard symbols Signal word Warning Hazard statements Harmful if swallowed Causes skin irritation Causes serious eye irritation Precautionary statements: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. [Prevention] Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection. [Response] IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. Rinse mouth. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. [Disposal] Dispose of contents/container through a waste management company authorized by the local government. Section 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Substance/mixture: Substance Components: Itraconazole >98.0%(LC)(T) Percent: CAS Number: 84625-61-6 Itraconazole Section 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Chemical Formula: C35H38Cl2N8O4 Section 4. FIRST AID MEASURES Inhalation: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. Skin contact: Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Eye contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. Rinse mouth. Ingestion: Protection of first-aiders: A rescuer should wear personal protective equipment, such as rubber gloves and air- tight goggles. Section 5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES Dry chemical, foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. Suitable extinguishing media: Specific hazards arising Take care as it may decompose upon combustion or in high temperatures to from the chemical: generate poisonous fume. Precautions for firefighters: Fire-extinguishing work is done from the windward and the suitable fire-extinguishing method according to the surrounding situation is used. Uninvolved persons should evacuate to a safe place. In case of fire in the surroundings: Remove movable containers if safe to do so. Special protective When extinguishing fire, be sure to wear personal protective equipment. equipment for firefighters: Section 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, Use personal protective equipment. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. protective equipment and Entry to non-involved personnel should be controlled around the leakage area by emergency procedures: roping off, etc. Environmental precautions: Prevent product from entering drains. Methods and materials for Sweep dust to collect it into an airtight container, taking care not to disperse it. containment and cleaning Adhered or collected material should be promptly disposed of, in accordance with up: appropriate laws and regulations. Section 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE Precautions for safe handling Technical measures: Handling is performed in a well ventilated place. Wear suitable protective equipment. Prevent dispersion of dust. Wash hands and face thoroughly after handling. Use a local exhaust if dust or aerosol will be generated. Advice on safe handling: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Storage conditions: Keep container tightly closed. Store in a refrigerator. Store away from incompatible materials such as oxidizing agents. Heat-sensitive Packaging material: Comply with laws. Section 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION Install a closed system or local exhaust as possible so that workers should not be Engineering controls: exposed directly. Also install safety shower and eye bath. Personal protective equipment Respiratory protection: Dust respirator. Follow local and national regulations. Hand protection: Protective gloves. Eye protection: Safety glasses. A face-shield, if the situation requires. Skin and body protection: Protective clothing. Protective boots, if the situation requires. Itraconazole Section 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical state (20°C): Solid Crystal- Powder Form: Colour: White - Very pale yellow No data available Odour: pH: No data available Melting point/freezing point:169°C Boiling point/range: No data available No data available Flash point: Flammability or explosive limits: Lower: No data available No data available Upper: Relative density: No data available Solubility(ies): [Water] No data available No data available [Other solvents] Section 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY Chemical stability: Stable under proper conditions. Possibility of hazardous No special reactivity has been reported. reactions: Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents Hazardous decomposition Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride products: Section 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION orl-rat LD50:>320 mg/kg Acute Toxicity: ivn-rat LD50:40 mg/kg Skin corrosion/irritation: No data available Serious eye No data available damage/irritation: Germ cell mutagenicity: No data available Carcinogenicity: IARC = No data available No data available NTP = Reproductive toxicity: No data available XZ5481000 RTECS Number: Section 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION Ecotoxicity: Fish: No data available Crustacea: No data available Algae: No data available Persistence / degradability: No data available Bioaccumulative No data available potential(BCF): Mobility in soil Log Pow: No data available Soil adsorption (Koc): No data available Henry's Law No data available constant(PaM3/mol): Itraconazole Section 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Recycle to process, if possible. Consult your local regional authorities. You may be able to dissolve or mix material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber system. Observe all federal, state and local regulations when disposing of the substance. Section 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION Hazards Class: Does not correspond to the classification standard of the United Nations UN-No: Not listed Section 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION Safe management ordinance of dangerous chemical product (State Council announces on January 26, 2002 and revised on February 16,2011): Safe use and production, the storage of a dangerous chemical, transport, loading and unloading were prescribed.
[EN] BENZAMIDE OR BENZAMINE COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS ANTICANCER AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS BENZAMIDE OU BENZAMINE À UTILISER EN TANT QU'ANTICANCÉREUX POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE CANCERS HUMAINS
申请人：UNIV TEXAS
公开号：WO2017007634A1
公开（公告）日：2017-01-12
The described invention provides small molecule anti-cancer compounds for treating tumors that respond to cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition. The compounds selectively inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in tumor-derived cancer cells, but do not affect normally dividing cells.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人：GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号：WO2017075056A1
公开（公告）日：2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
Tricyclic compounds, protected intermediates thereof, and methods for inhibition of HIV-integrase are disclosed.
三环化合物，其受保护的中间体，以及用于抑制HIV整合酶的方法被披露。
PYRIMIDINYL AND 1,3,5-TRIAZINYL BENZIMIDAZOLES AND THEIR USE IN CANCER THERAPY
申请人：Rewcastle Gordon William
公开号：US20110009405A1
公开（公告）日：2011-01-13
Provided herein are pyrimidinyl and 1,3,5-triazinyl benzimidazoles of Formula I, and their pharmaceutical compositions, preparation, and use as agents or drugs for cancer therapy, either alone or in combination with radiation and/or other anticancer drugs.
