3,4'-二氯联苯 | 2974-90-5

• 物质功能分类: 分析化学 - 食品安全 - 二噁英，多氯联苯，呋喃
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 苯类化合物 - 苯和取代衍生物
• 中文名称: 3,4'-二氯联苯
• 中文别名: 3,4'-二氯联苯醚；3,4’-二氯联苯醚
• 英文名称: 3,4'-dichlorobiphenyl
• 英文别名: PCB 13；3.4'-Dichlor-biphenyl；1-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)benzene
• CAS: 2974-90-5
• 化学式: C₁₂H₈Cl₂
• 分子量: 223.102
• InChiKey: CJDNEKOMKXLSBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 沸点：
  125 °C(Press: 1 Torr)
• 密度：
  1.249±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
• 保留指数：
  1737;1764

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  5.2
• 重原子数：
  14
• 可旋转键数：
  1
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

多氯联苯(PCBs)通过吸入、口服和皮肤接触途径被吸收。它们通过血液传输，通常与白蛋白结合。由于它们的亲脂性特性，它们倾向于在富含脂质的组织中积累，如肝脏、脂肪组织和皮肤。多氯联苯的代谢非常缓慢，并且根据氯化的程度和位置而有所不同。多氯联苯通过微粒体单加氧酶系统代谢，该系统由细胞色素P-450酶催化，转化为极性代谢物，这些代谢物可以与谷胱甘肽和葡萄糖醛酸结合。主要的代谢物是羟基化产物，通过胆汁和粪便排出。多氯联苯的缓慢代谢意味着它们倾向于在身体组织中积累。(L4, T6)

PCBs are absorbed via inhalation, oral, and dermal routes of exposure. They are trasported in the blood, often bound to albumin. Due to their lipophilic nature they tend to accumulate in lipid-rich tissues, such as the liver, adipose, and skin. Metabolism of PCBs is very slow and varies based on the degree and position of chlorination. PCBs are metabolized by the microsomal monooxygenase system catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes to polar metabolites that can undergo conjugation with glutathione and glucuronic acid. The major metabolites are hydroxylated products which are excreted in the bile and faeces. The slow metabolism of PCBs means they tend to accumulate in body tissues. (L4, T6)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

PCB的作用机制因具体类型而异。类二噁烷PCB通过结合芳基烃受体，通过改变基因的转录来扰乱细胞功能，主要是通过诱导肝脏第一阶段和第二阶段酶的表达，特别是细胞色素P450家族。PCB的大多数毒性效应被认为是由Ah受体结合的结果。其他PCB被认为会干扰钙通道和/或改变大脑中的多巴胺水平。PCB还通过改变甲状腺激素的生成和结合到雌激素受体来引起内分泌紊乱，这可以刺激某些癌细胞的生长并产生其他雌激素效应，如生殖功能障碍。它们会通过结合到如uteroglobin等受体蛋白而生物累积。(A3, A4, A30, A66)

The mechanism of action varies with the specific PCB. Dioxin-like PCBs bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which disrupts cell function by altering the transcription of genes, mainly be inducing the expression of hepatic Phase I and Phase II enzymes, especially of the cytochrome P450 family. Most of the toxic effects of PCBs are believed to be results of Ah receptor binding. Other PBCs are believed to interfere with calcium channels and/or change brain dopamine levels. PCBs can also cause endocrine disurption by altering the production of thyroid hormones and binding to estrogen receptors, which can stimulate the growth of certain cancer cells and produce other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. They will bioaccumulate by binding to receptor proteins such as uteroglobin. (A3, A4, A30, A66)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

1, 对人类致癌。

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

PCBs最常见的健康影响是皮肤状况，如氯痤疮和皮疹。长期暴露于PCBs还可能导致肝脏、胃和肾脏损害、黄疸、水肿、贫血、免疫系统变化、行为改变以及生殖能力受损。

The most common health effects of PCBs are skin conditions such as chloracne and rashes. Chronic PCB exposure has also been shown to cause liver, stomach and kidney, damage, jaundice, edema, anemia, changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction. (L4)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L4级）；吸入（L4级）；皮肤给药（L4级）

Oral (L4) ; inhalation (L4) ; dermal (L4)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

慢性PCB暴露会导致如下症状：腹痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、头痛、眩晕、抑郁、紧张、皮肤和眼睛损伤、疲劳、月经周期不规律以及免疫力下降。

Chronic PCB exposure results in symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, depression, nervousness, dermal and ocular lesions, fatigue, irregular menstrual cycles and a lowered immune response. (A3)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  3,4'-二氯联苯 在 Ni(II)/C 二甲胺基甲硼烷 、 potassium carbonate 、 三苯基膦 作用下， 以 乙腈 为溶剂， 反应 6.0h， 以99%的产率得到联苯
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Nickel-on-Charcoal-Catalyzed Reductions of Aryl Chlorides

  摘要：

  将（功能化）芳基氯化物暴露于催化量的碳灰镍，并在恒温回流的乙腈中加入化学计量的 Me2NH · BH3/K2CO3，可以得到高产率的还原芳烃。在这些条件下，PCB 也能被还原。该方法对水分的耐受性非常高。

  DOI：

  10.1055/s-2001-14636
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  potassium acetate 生成 3,4'-二氯联苯
  参考文献：
  名称：

  BEADLE, J. R.;KORZENIOWSKI, S. H.;ROSENBERG, D. E.;GARCIA-SLANGA, B. J.;G+, J. ORG. CHEM., 1984, 49, N 9, 1594-1603

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Visible-Light-Promoted, Catalyst-Free Gomberg–Bachmann Reaction: Synthesis of Biaryls
  作者：Juyoung Lee、Boseok Hong、Anna Lee

  DOI：10.1021/acs.joc.9b00557

  日期：2019.7.19

  Biaryls were synthesized via a novel visible-light-promoted Gomberg–Bachmann reaction that does not require a photosensitizer or any metal reagents. The formation of an electron donor–acceptor complex between aryl diazonium salts and pyridine allows, under visible-light irradiation, the synthesis of biaryls in moderate-to-high yields.

  联芳基是通过不需要光敏剂或任何金属试剂的新型可见光促进的Gomberg-Bachmann反应合成的。在芳基重氮盐和吡啶之间形成电子供体-受体配合物，可以在可见光照射下以中等至高收率合成联芳基。
• Aryl radicals from hexazadienes and tetrazenes
  作者：Donald Mackay、Deane Douglas McIntyre

  DOI：10.1139/v82-148

  日期：1982.4.15

  Aryl radicals are produced from both ends of the hexazadienes 1 and 2 and from the tetrazene 3, either thermally or photolytically. They attack aromatic compounds in the nucleus, the yield of biaryl being in the range 40–70%, though it can be made nearly quantitative by using m-dinitrobenzene as an additive. The aryl radicals also oxidize 2-propanol to acetone, the reduction products being the halogenobenzene and 1,2-diacetylhydrazine.Photolysis of 1 goes mainly by way of the tetrazene 3, and this may also be a significant pathway in the thermal reaction. Azodiacetyl is an intermediate in the thermal reaction of 1 with 2-propanol and may be generally so in all its reactions.Radical induced decomposition is believed to be important in the reactions of 1, 2, and 3, and it is probably responsible for the formation of 1-acetyl-1-arylhydrazines, routinely produced in yields of up to 25%.

  芳基自由基可以通过热力或光解产生自六氮烯1和2的两端以及四氮烯3。它们攻击芳香化合物的核，生成的双芳基产率在40-70%范围内，但通过使用m-二硝基苯作为添加剂几乎可以达到定量。芳基自由基还可以将异丙醇氧化为丙酮，还原产物为卤代苯和1,2-二乙酰肼。光解1主要经过四氮烯3进行，这在热反应中也可能是一个重要途径。三氮乙酰基是1与异丙醇热反应的中间体，可能在所有反应中普遍存在。自由基诱导分解被认为在1、2和3的反应中很重要，可能是产生1-乙酰基-1-芳基肼的原因，通常产率高达25%。
• Hydrocarbons and chloroaromatics from anilines and n-butyl nitrite
  作者：Angelo G. Giumanini、Giancarlo Verardo、Fausto Gorassini、Paolo Strazzolini

  DOI：10.1002/recl.19951140703

  日期：——

  A single reagent, i.e. n-butyl nitrite, can be used to oxidize an aromatic amine, or the corresponding N-methylene derivative, to a diazo compound followed by its subsequent reduction to hydrocarbon in a single batch. Alternatively, a chloro derivative can be obtained if carbon tetrachloride is used as the solvent. The reactions appear to be general and complete product identification was accomplished

  可以使用单一试剂，即亚硝酸正丁酯将芳族胺或相应的N-亚甲基衍生物氧化为重氮化合物，随后将其分批还原为烃。或者，如果使用四氯化碳作为溶剂，则可以获得氯衍生物。反应似乎是一般的，完成了完整的产物鉴定。
• Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of arenes by thallium(III)
  作者：Anatoly K. Yatsimirsky、Sergei A. Deiko、Alexander D. Ryabov

  DOI：10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91964-7

  日期：1983.1

  thallium(III) trifluoroacetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium(II) acetate affords biaryls in good yields. The GLC study of the isomer distribution has shown that 4,4 '-biaryls are the major products. Thus, the pure 4,4 '-biaryls can be easily isolated either by recrystallization or column chromatography. The competitive experiments and kinetic study using arenes and arylthallium derivatives

  在催化量的乙酸钯（II）存在下，通过三氟乙酸fluoro（III）用供电子键和中度吸电子取代基氧化苯，可得到高产率的联芳基。对异构体分布的GLC研究表明，4,4'-联芳基是主要产物。因此，可以通过重结晶或柱色谱法容易地分离出纯的4,4'-联芳基。使用芳烃和芳基al衍生物作为起始原料的竞争性实验和动力学研究以及淬灭实验表明，反应的第一步是芳烃的快速th化以形成芳基intermediate中间体ArTl（OOCCF 3）2。后者经历与三聚体Pd 3（OAc）6解聚形成的单体络合物Pd（OAc）2反应的速率确定性金属转移步骤。随后芳基钯物质的快速分解得到最终的反应产物。芳烃的盐酸盐化和用ArTl（OOCCF 3）2中的Pd II取代Tl III的特征分别是Hammett图的斜率分别为-5.6（XXX +）和-3.0（XXX）。
• CARBAZOLE COMPOUND AND USE THEREOF
  申请人：Matsumoto Naoki

  公开号：US20120203010A1

  公开（公告）日：2012-08-09

  A carbazole compound represented by the following formula: wherein, when m=1, n=0, Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 3 and X 2 are C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl, provided that Ar 1 and Ar 2 , or Ar 3 and X 2 may form together a ring; X 1 ═C 6-50 arylene; R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 and R 7 are H, halogen, amino, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1-18 alkoxy, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl, R 3 and R 6 are H, halogen, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1-18 alkoxy, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl; when m=0, n=1-3, Ar 3 , Ar 4 and Ar 5 are C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl, Ar 4 and Ar 5 may form together a ring; X 1 ═C 1-18 alkyl, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl; X 2 ═C 6-50 arylene; R 1 -R 7 are H, halogen, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1-18 alkoxy, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl; when m=0, n=0, X 1 ═C 1-18 alkyl, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl; Ar 3 and X 2 are C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl; R 2 ═H, halogen, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1-18 alkoxy; R 1 and R 3 -R 7 are H, halogen, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1-18 alkoxy, C 6-50 aryl or C 4-50 heteroaryl. The carbazole compound is suitable for an organic EL device.

  以下是该化合物的中文翻译：其中，当m=1，n=0时，Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和X2为C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基，前提是Ar1和Ar2，或Ar3和X2可能共同形成一个环；X1=C6-50芳基；R1、R2、R4、R5和R7为H、卤素、氨基、C1-18烷基、C1-18烷氧基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基，R3和R6为H、卤素、C1-18烷基、C1-18烷氧基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基；当m=0，n=1-3时，Ar3、Ar4和Ar5为C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基，Ar4和Ar5可能共同形成一个环；X1=C1-18烷基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基；X2=C6-50芳基；R1-R7为H、卤素、C1-18烷基、C1-18烷氧基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基；当m=0，n=0时，X1=C1-18烷基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基；Ar3和X2为C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基；R2=H、卤素、C1-18烷基、C1-18烷氧基；R1和R3-R7为H、卤素、C1-18烷基、C1-18烷氧基、C6-50芳基或C4-50杂环芳基。这种咔唑化合物适用于有机EL器件。

表征谱图