Eight new linear polyacetylene glucosides (1-8), containing two C(10)-, one C(13)- and five C(14)-acetylenes, together with three known polyacetylenes (9-11) were isolated from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius L. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence. The absolute configurations of compounds 3-9 were confirmed by Snatzke and Gerards's method, observing
Process for making morphine-6-glucuronide or substituted
申请人:Salford Ultrafine Chemicals and Research Limited
公开号:US05621087A1
公开(公告)日:1997-04-15
##STR1## Morphine-6-glucuronide or substituted morphine-6-glucuronide of formulae (I) is made by conjugation of a glucuronate ester and/or substituted glucuronate ester with morphine or substituted morphine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst and in the absence of silver catalysts and barium hydroxide and other heavy metal derivatives.
The invention provides methods and materials related to the production of organic products such as glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and glucaric acid. Specifically, the invention provides cells, methods for culturing cells, isolated nucleic acid molecules, and methods and materials for producing various organic products such as glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and glucaric acid.
Salts of 8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine with optically active acids, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them that are useful for, inter alia, weight management.
Background: Aldehyde reductase (AKR1A; EC 1.1.1.2) catalyzes the reduction of various types of aldehydes. To ascertain the physiological role of AKR1A, we examined AKR1A knockout mice.Methods: Ascorbic acid concentrations in AKR1A knockout mice tissues were examined, and the effects of human AKR1A transgene were analyzed. We purified AKR1A and studied the activities of glucuronate reductase and glucuronolactone reductase, which are involved in ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Metabolomic analysis and DNA microarray analysis were performed for a comprehensive study of AKR1A knockout mice.Results: The levels of ascorbic acid in tissues of AKR1A knockout mice were significantly decreased which were completely restored by human AKR1A transgene. The activities of glucuronate reductase and glucuronolactone reductase, which are involved in ascorbic acid biosynthesis, were suppressed in AKR1A knockout mice. The accumulation of D-glucuronic acid and saccharate in knockout mice tissue and the expression of acute-phase proteins such as serum amyloid A2 are significantly increased in knockout mice liver.Conclusions: AKR1A plays a predominant role in the reduction of both D-glucuronic acid and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone in vivo. The knockout of AKR1A in mice results in accumulation of D-glucuronic acid and saccharate as well as a deficiency of ascorbic acid, and also leads to upregulation of acute phase proteins.General significance: AKR1A is a major enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone in vivo, besides acting as an aldehyde-detoxification enzyme. Suppression of AKR1A by inhibitors, which are used to prevent diabetic complications, may lead to the accumulation of D-glucuronic acid and saccharate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.