The metabolism of triolein in vitro was evaluated using isolated perfusion of a rat liver in tandem with an isolated rat hind-end. This permitted the study of lipid transfer between the two. In the absence of added triolein, a net removal of free fatty acids was demonstrated in both tissue beds when fatty acid gradients across tissue beds were measured. Following the addition of 100 mg of triolein (as [(3)H]-glycerol-[(14)C]triolein) to either reservoir in the system, an appreciable net production of free fatty acid was noted for the hind-end gradient at 30 minutes. This hind-end free fatty acid efflux amounted to more than one third of the catabolism of triolein.
In experimental studies, embolization of the cerebral hemisphere with triolein emulsion has revealed reversible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the subacute stage. /The aim of this study was/ to investigate the changes in the major metabolites, by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in a cerebral fat embolism induced by a triolein emulsion.The internal carotid arteries of 19 cats were injected with a triolein emulsion, and multivoxel MRS was performed 30 min, 1 day, and 7 days later. In the control group, six cats were injected with normal saline. The MR spectra were evaluated for N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho), along with the presence of lipid and lactate. Semiquantitative analyses of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho, and lipid/Cr ratios compared the median values of the ipsilateral metabolite ratios with those of the contralateral side and in the control group for each point in time.The NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere of the embolized group after 30 min, 1 day, and 7days were not significantly different from the contralateral hemisphere of the embolized and control groups (P>0.05). The lipid/Cr ratio in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere of the embolized group was significantly higher when compared with the control group (P=0.012 at 30 min, P=0.001 on day 1, and P=0.018 on day 7). Cerebral fat embolism induced by a triolein emulsion resulted in no significant change in the major metabolites of the brain in the acute stage, except for an elevated lipid/Cr ratio, which suggests the absence of any significant hypoxic-ischemic changes in the lesions embolized using a fat emulsion.
Effects of protopanaxdiol (PDG) and protopanaxatriol (PTG) types of ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng on porcine pancreatic lipase activity were determined in vitro. PDG inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner at the concentrations of 0.25-1 mg/mL. It inhibited hydrolysis of about 83.2% of triolein at about 1 mg/mL of PDG. However, PTG showed no inhibitory activity. Therefore, anti-obesity activity of PDG was evaluated in mice fed a high-fat diet. The results demonstrated that PDG was effective in preventing and healing obesity, fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in mice fed with a high-fat diet.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
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盐酸四环素250毫克/千克通过静脉注射给予大鼠，显著降低了经胃内给药的甘油三油酸酯的肠道吸收。
IM administration of tetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg/kg /to rats/ significantly decreased the intestinal absorption of intragastrically administration triolein.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
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口服每千克2克新霉素，每日两次，在大鼠体内减少了(14)C标记的三油酸的肠道吸收。
The oral administration of 2 g neomycin/kg, twice daily, reduced in rats the in vivo intestinal absorption of (14)C-labeled triolein.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on the damaged blood-ocular barrier caused by triolein emulsion, using contrast-enhanced MR imaging. An emulsion of 0.1-mL triolein in 20 mL of saline was infused into the carotid arteries of 32 cats, 12 cats were placed in the treatment group and 18 cats were placed in the Control group. Thirty minutes after the infusion of triolein emulsion, a set of orbital pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted MR images (T1WIs) were obtained. Infusion of 10 mg/kg dexamethasone into the ipsilateral carotid artery of each of the cats in the treatment group cats and 20 mL saline in each of the cats in the control group was given. A second set of pre- and post-contrast orbital T1WIs were obtained three hours following triolein emulsion infusion. Qualitative analysis was performed for the the anterior chamber (AC), the posterior chamber (PC), and in the vitreous humor of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The signal intensity ratios of the ipsilateral eye over the contralateral eye were quantitatively evaluated in the three ocular chambers on the first and second set of T1WIs, and were then statistically compared. Qualitatively, the AC, the PC or the vitreous did not show immediate contrast enhancement on the first and the second set of post-contrast T1WIs. However, the AC and the PC showed delayed contrast enhancement for both groups of cats on the second pre-contrast T1WIs. No enhancement or minimally delayed enhancement was seen for the vitreous humor. Quantitatively, the signal intensity ratios in the PC of the treatment group of cats were statistically lower than the ratios of the control group of cats for the second set of T1WIs (p = 0.037). The AC and vitreous showed no statistically significant difference between the feline treatment group and control group (p > 0.05). Contrast-enhanced MR images revealed increased vascular permeability in the PC of the eye after infusion of triolein emulsion. Dexamethasone seems to decrease the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in the PC.
Fat embolization (FE) is an often overlooked and poorly understood complication of skeletal trauma and some orthopedic procedures. Fat embolism can lead to major pulmonary damage associated with fat embolism syndrome (FES). A model of FE in unanesthetized rats, using intravenous injection of the neutral fat triolein, was used to study the potential therapeutic effect on lung histopathology of altering the production of, or response to, endogenous angiotensin (Ang) II. Either captopril, an Ang I converting enzyme inhibitor, or losartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker, was injected 1 hour after FE by triolein injection. After euthanasia at 48 hours, histopathologic evaluation was used to compare the drug-treated animals with control animals that received only triolein. Histology of the lungs of rats treated only with triolein revealed severe, diffuse pathology. Alveolar septa showed severe, diffuse inflammation. Bronchial lumina showed severe mucosal epithelial loss. The media of the pulmonary small arteries and arterioles was thicker, and the lumen patency was reduced 60% to 70%. Trichrome staining confirmed the abundant presence of collagen in the media and adventitia, as well as collagen infiltrating the bronchial musculature. Both captopril and losartan treatments reduced the inflammatory, vasoconstrictor, and profibrotic effects present at 48 hr (p<0.001). With treatment, the vascular lumen remained patent, and the fat droplets were reduced in size and number. There was a reduction in the number of infiltrating leukocytes, macrophages, myofibroblasts, and eosinophils, along with a significant decrease in hemorrhage and collagen deposition (p<0.001). Pathologic changes in bronchial epithelium were also diminished. The results suggest that the use of drugs that act on the renin-Ang system might provide an effective and targeted therapy for fat embolism syndrome.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
In the small intestine, most triglycerides are split into monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol, which are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Within the epithelial cells, resynthesized triglycerides collect into globules along with cholesterol and phospholipids and are encased in a protein coat as chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are transported in the lymph to the thoracic duct and eventually to the venous system. The chylomicrons are removed from the blood as they pass through the capillaries of adipose tissue. Fat is stored in adipose cells until it is transported to other tissues as free fatty acids which are used for cellular energy or incorporated into cell membranes.
When (14)C-labeled long-chain triglycerides are administered intravenously, 25% to 30% of the radiolabel is found in the liver within 30 to 60 minutes, with less than 5% remaining after 24 hours. Lesser amounts of radiolabel are found in the spleen and lungs. After 24 hours, nearly 50% of the radiolabel has been expired in carbon dioxide, with 1% of the carbon label remaining in the brown fat. The concentration of radioactivity in the epididymal fat is less than half that of the brown fat.
Rats were fed an emulsion diet (via stomach tube) consisting of 95 parts triolein (Glycerol Trioleate) and 5 parts glycerol 1- (14)C-trioleate. The percentage of administered glycerol 1- (14)C-trioleate that was identified in the lymph in 24 hours was 88%. In an earlier study four male rats (weights 250 g) were dosed orally with [1-(14)C]triolein. The percentage of radioactivity that was absorbed in 24 hours ranged from 57% to 92% (mean =78.2%). The percentage of absorbed activity that was recovered in the lymph fat from the thoracic duct ranged from 51% to 83% (mean =65.5%).
After a single dose of [1- (14)C]triolein was administered intravenously into fasted rats, a high rate of uptake was noted within the first hour in the following organs: liver, myocardium, gastric mucosa, and diaphragm. However, after 24 hours, radioactivity in these tissues had decreased markedly. A similar pattern of distribution was noted in mice; however, large amounts of radioactivity were also noted in the brown fat, white adipose tissue, and spleen, even after 24 hours.
AbstractSymmetrical and non‐symmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG) containing oleic (O; 9c‐18:1) and elaidic (E; 9t‐18:1) acids were required as part of a study relating the physical characteristics and functionality of trans‐containing TAG with the mouth feel, taste characteristics and related characteristics desired by consumers in frying oils and pastries. To replace the trans isomers in frying oils—a significant part of frying oils prepared by partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils—without loss of the sensory properties desired by consumers, required the initiation of a study relating the structure of trans‐containing TAG with such characteristics as melting range, drop points, and other crystalline properties. Elaidic acid was esterified to trielaidin (EEE), and the EEE partially converted (glycerol/p‐toluenesulfonic acid) to a mixture containing ca. 40% DAG (the 1,3‐ and 1,2‐isomers). The DAG fraction was separated by silica gel chromatography, the 1,3‐dielaidylglycerol (1,3EE‐DAG) isomer isolated (structural purity >99%) by crystallization from acetone and esterified with oleic acid (O) to yield EOE. The 1(3)O‐MAG was purchased commercially and esterified with E acid to prepare OEE. Both syntheses yielded multi‐gram quantities of EOE and EEO, in 80–85% yields, and with structural purities >99%. Thus, by careful selection of the thermodynamically more‐stable MAG or DAG precursors, the symmetrical EOE and non‐symmetrical EEO isomers could be readily synthesized, and their drop point and melting point values determined.
Model studies and the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil
作者：Qingping Tian、Richard C. Larock
DOI：10.1007/s11746-002-0509-3
日期：2002.5
AbstractGrubbs' ruthenium catalyst 2 has been employed in model studies of the acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of soybean oil. In the presence of 0.1 mol% of catalyst 2, the ADMET polymerization of ethylene glycol dioleate afforded the isomerized (E)‐dioleate (27%), dimer (18%), trimer (13%), tetramer (7%), pentamer (5%), hexamer (4%), heptamer (4%), and 9‐octadecene (21%). Only a trace of any intramolecular cyclized product was formed. Under the same conditions, glycerol trioleate underwent ADMET polymerization to produce dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer, and monocyclic oligomers, with monocyclic oligomers predominating. The high number of repeat units in the monocyclic oligomers (n≅6, 10, and 21) in dicates that cross‐linking occurs readily in this process. Based on our model system studies, we have examined the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil and succeeded in producing polymeric materials ranging from sticky oils to rubbers.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of EOE and EEO, Triacylglycerols Containing Elaidic and Oleic Fatty Acids
作者：R. O. Adlof、G. R. List
DOI：10.1007/s11746-007-1056-2
日期：2007.5.10
AbstractSymmetrical and non‐symmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG) containing oleic (O; 9c‐18:1) and elaidic (E; 9t‐18:1) acids were required as part of a study relating the physical characteristics and functionality of trans‐containing TAG with the mouth feel, taste characteristics and related characteristics desired by consumers in frying oils and pastries. To replace the trans isomers in frying oils—a significant part of frying oils prepared by partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils—without loss of the sensory properties desired by consumers, required the initiation of a study relating the structure of trans‐containing TAG with such characteristics as melting range, drop points, and other crystalline properties. Elaidic acid was esterified to trielaidin (EEE), and the EEE partially converted (glycerol/p‐toluenesulfonic acid) to a mixture containing ca. 40% DAG (the 1,3‐ and 1,2‐isomers). The DAG fraction was separated by silica gel chromatography, the 1,3‐dielaidylglycerol (1,3EE‐DAG) isomer isolated (structural purity >99%) by crystallization from acetone and esterified with oleic acid (O) to yield EOE. The 1(3)O‐MAG was purchased commercially and esterified with E acid to prepare OEE. Both syntheses yielded multi‐gram quantities of EOE and EEO, in 80–85% yields, and with structural purities >99%. Thus, by careful selection of the thermodynamically more‐stable MAG or DAG precursors, the symmetrical EOE and non‐symmetrical EEO isomers could be readily synthesized, and their drop point and melting point values determined.
