Glutathione transferase catalyzes the bioactivation of 1,1-dichloropropene by glutathione to a single
unsaturated S-conjugate retaining one chlorine atom. It was postulated that the thiolate ion of glutathione could attack 1,1-dichloropropene at either the C1 or C2 position, with attack at the C2 position resulting in the formation of a mutagenic episulfonium ion (L893).
IDENTIFICATION: The technical mixture of dichloropropenes and dichloropropane is a clear amber liquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in halogenated solvents, esters, and ketones. It was widely used as a soil nematocide before planting. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Dichloropropane-Dichloropropene mixture is no longer widely used and, thus, exposure of the general population via air, water, and food is unlikely. One case of acute fatal poisoning has been reported following accidental ingestion. Several cases of contact dermatitis and skin sensitization have been reported. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute toxicity of dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture for laboratory animals is moderate to high. Acute exposure results in clinical signs associated with central nervous system depression. It is a severe eye and skin irritant and it is a moderate dermal sensitizer. In a long-term study on rats fed diets containing up to 120 mg of the mixture per kg for 2 years, no toxic or carcinogenic effects were seen. No metabolic studies have been carried out on dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture. The two major components, 1,2-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane, are rapidly eliminated, primarily in the urine and, to a lesser extent, via expired air. The components of the mixture are metabolized by oxidative and conjunction pathways. The major urinary metabolites are mercapturic acids.
The primary toxic effects of 1,1-dichloropropene are portal-of-entry effects resulting from the chemical reactivity of the compound and its physicochemical properties. Repeated irritation results in a hyperplastic response in the target tissues. The mutagenicity of 1,1-dichloropropene has been related to its glutathione transferase-dependent bioactivation by the thiolate ion of glutathione and the resulting episulfonium ion (L893).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
无致癌性迹象(未被国际癌症研究机构列明)。
No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)
Ingestion of 1,1-D can lead to developed gastrointestinal distress, adult respiratory distress syndrome, hematological and hepatorenal functional impairment, acute gastrointestinal distress with pulmonary congestion and edema, central nervous depression, perhaps even in the absence of impaired oxygen uptake. Moreover, this can lead to death. Coma may occur rapidly after inhalation. Severe skin irritation with marked inflammatory response of epidermis can underlying tissues can follow dermal exposure. By any route, possible late injuries to liver, kidneys and heart (T48).
Two series of acetylenic derivatives of cholesterol were synthesized from stigmasterol and pregnenolone. These compounds carry an acetylenic function at C-22 and were devised with the aim to inhibit the C-22 hydroxylation of ecdysonebiosynthesis by a suicide-substrate mechanism. Two of these compounds (15a, 15f) inhibit the synthesis of ecdysone in follicular cells under in vitro conditions. The inhibition
A remarkable steric effect in palladium-catalyzed Grignard coupling: regio- and stereoselective monoalkylation and -arylation of 1,1-dichloro-1-alkenes
作者:Akio Minato、Keizo Suzuki、Kohei Tamao
DOI:10.1021/ja00238a052
日期:1987.2
concern in transition-metalcomplex catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. As part of their continued studies on the palladium-phosphine complex catalyzed selective monoalkylation of organic polyhalides, they report here the first success in the regio- and stereoselective monoalkylation and -arylation of 1,1-dichloro-1-alkenes by Grignard or organozinc reagents in the presence of (PdCl/sub2/(dppb))
Reactions of triphenylsilyllithium with some dichloropropenes
作者:Henry Gilman、Dan Aoki
DOI:10.1016/s0022-328x(00)82214-7
日期:1964.10
Reactions of triphenylsilyllithium with 1,1-dichloropropene, 2,3-dichloropropene, and 1,3-dichloropropene were investigated. The reactions of the first two compounds gave identical products: hexaphenyldisilane, triphenylsilane, 2-chloro-3-(triphenylsilyl)-propene, and 1-(triphenylsilyl)propyne. The reaction of 2-chloro-3-(triphenylsilyl)-propene and triphenylsilyllithium resulted in the formation of
Absolute Rate Constants for the Addition of Cyanomethyl (·CH<sub>2</sub>CN) and (<i>tert</i>-Butoxy)carbonylmethyl (·CH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) radicals to alkenes in solution
作者:Jie Qiang Wu、Ivan Beranek、Hanns Fischer
DOI:10.1002/hlca.19950780118
日期:1995.2.8
Absolute rateconstants and their temperature dependence were determined by time-resolved electron spin resonance for the addition of the radicals ·CH2CN and ·CH2CO2C(CH3)3 to a variety of mono- and 1,1-disubstituted and to selected 1,2- and trisubstituted alkenes in acetonitrile solution. To alkenes CH2CXY, ·CH2CN adds at the unsubstituted C-atom with rateconstants ranging from 3.3·103M−1S−1 (ethene)
通过时间分辨电子自旋共振确定绝对速率常数及其温度依赖性,方法是将自由基·CH 2 CN和·CH 2 CO 2 C(CH 3)3添加到各种单取代和1,1-二取代基中并在乙腈溶液中选择1,2-和三取代的烯烃。·CH 2 CN在烯烃CH 2 CXY处以未取代的C原子加成,其速率常数范围为3.3·10 3 M -1 S -1(乙烯)至2.4·10 6 M -1 S -1(1,1-二苯基乙烯)在278 K,并且频率因子在log的窄范围内(A / M -1 S -1)= 8.7±0.3。·CH 2 CO 2 C(CH 3)3具有非常相似的反应性,在296 K时的速率常数为1.1·10 4 M -1 S -1(乙烯)至10 7 M -1 S -1(1,1 -二苯乙烯)和频率因子log(A / M -1 S -1)= 8.4±0.1。对于两个自由基,速率常数和添加到CH 2中的活化能CXY与总反应焓密切相
Synthesen von 3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-3-cyclobuten-1,2-dion (Methylmoniliformin)