Metabolism of 1,2-D in the rat results in the formation of a mercapturic acid conjugate excreted largely in the urine. Proposed reactive intermediates include 1,2-epoxypropane; this intermediate is suspected of being responsible for mutagenic effects of 1,2-D. Glutathione pathways are seen as a detoxification mechanisms, & liver & kidney toxicity at high concns may be due to saturation of these pathways.
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.
Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
解毒与急救
1. 用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗皮肤和眼睛至少15分钟，以去除污染的熏蒸剂。有些熏蒸剂对角膜有腐蚀性，可能导致失明。在大量清水冲洗去除有毒物质后，应立即获得专业的医疗处理。皮肤污染可能导致水疱和深度化学烧伤。在没有吸入熏蒸剂的情况下，某些熏蒸剂通过皮肤的吸收就足以引起系统性中毒。由于所有这些原因，眼睛和皮肤的消毒必须立即进行且彻底。
2. 立即将吸入熏蒸剂的受害者移至新鲜空气处。尽管最初的症状和体征可能轻微，但仍应保持受害者安静，处于半躺卧位。最小的体力活动可以减少肺水肿的可能性。
3. 如果受害者停止呼吸，清除气道分泌物，并使用正压氧气装置进行复苏。如果没有正压氧气装置，使用胸外按压来维持呼吸。如果受害者无脉搏，进行心脏复苏。
4. 如果出现肺水肿迹象，有几种措施可用于维持生命。然而，在处理每个病例时必须依赖医疗判断。通常推荐以下程序：
A. 将受害者置于有靠背的坐位。
B. 使用间歇性和/或连续正压氧气来缓解低氧血症。
...缓慢静脉注射呋塞米（Furosemide）...或乙酰螺旋霉素（Sodium Ethacrynate）...以通过诱导利尿减少静脉负荷。
...缓慢静脉注射小剂量吗啡...以缓解焦虑并促进更深层次的呼吸。
...缓慢静脉注射氨茶碱（Aminophylline）...
...可以考虑使用洋地黄，但在缺氧和有毒心肌中存在严重的心律失常风险。
在某些情况下，可能需要气管切开术以方便大量肺水肿液的抽吸。
肾上腺素、阿托品和祛痰药通常无效，且可能使治疗复杂化。
I. 注意复发肺水肿，即使在初次发作后的2周内。限制受害者的体力活动至少4周。严重的身体虚弱通常表明持续的肺部损伤。连续的肺功能测试可能有助于评估恢复情况。
5. 通过将受害者置于特伦德伦堡（Trendelenburg）体位，并小心地静脉注射血浆、全血和/或电解质和葡萄糖溶液来对抗休克，以避免肺水肿。应持续监测中心静脉压。由于心肌的易激性，必须非常小心地给予血管收缩剂。
6. 控制惊厥。中毒最有可能发生在甲基溴、氢氰酸、丙烯腈、磷化氢和二硫化碳的情况下。
... /熏蒸剂中毒/
1. FLUSH contaminating fumigants from the skin and eyse with copious amounts of water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Some fumigants are corrosive to the cornea and may cause BLINDNESS. Specialized medical treatment should be obtained promptly following removal of toxicant by copious flushing with clean water. Skin contamination may cause BLISTERING and deep chemical burns. Absorption of some fumigants across the skin may be sufficient to cause systemic poisoning in the absence of fumigant inhalation. For all these reasons, decontamination of eyes and skin must must be IMMEDIATE and THROUGH. 2. REMOVE victims of fumigant inhalation to FRESH AIR immediately. Even though initial symptoms and signs are mild, keep the victim quiet, in a semi-reclining position. Minimum pohysical activity limits the likehood ofpulmonary edema. 3. If victim is not breathing, clear the airway of secretions and RESUSCITATE with positive poressure oxygen apparatus. If this is not available, use chest compression to sustain respiration. If victim is pulseless, employ cardiac resuscitation. 4. If PULMONARY EDEMA is evident, there are several measures avilable to sustain life. Medical judgement must be relied upon, however, in the management of each case. The following procedures are generally recommended: A. Put the victim in a SITTING position with a backrest. B. Use intermittent and/or continuous positive pressure OXYGEN to relieve hypoxemia. ... Slowly administer FUROSEMIDE, ..., or SODIUM ETHACRYNATE, .., to reduce venous load by inducing diuresis. ... Morphine in small doses ..., slowly, iv to allay anxiety and promote deeper respiratory excursions. Administer AMINOPHYLLINE ... slowly, iv. ... Digitalization may be considered, but there is a serious risk of arrhythmias in an anoxic and toxic myocardium. TRACHEOSTOMY may be necessary in some cases to facilitate aspiration of large amounts of pulmonary edema fluid. Epinephrine, atorpine, and expectorants are generally not helpful, and may complicate treatment. I. Watch for RECURRENT PULMONARY EDEMA, even up to 2 weeks after the initial episode. Limit victim's physical activity for at least 4 weeks. Severe physical weakness usually indicates persistent pulmonary injury. Serial pulmonary function testing may be useful in assessing recovery. 5. Combat SHOCK by placing victim in the Trendelenburg position and administering plasma, whole blood, and/or electrolyte and glucose solutions intravenously, with great care, to avoid pulmonary edema. Central venous pressure should be monitored continously. Vasopressor amines must be given with great caution, because of the irritability of the myocardium. 6. Control CONVULSIONS. Seizures are most likely to occur in poisonings by methyl bromide, hydrogen cyanide, acrylonitrile, phosphine, and carbon disulfide. ... /Fumigant poisoning/
7. If a FUMIGANT LIQUID OR SOLID has been INGESTED less than several hours prior to treatment, quantities remaining in the stomach must be removed as effectively as possible by gastric intubation, aspiration, and lavage, after all possible precautions have been taken to protect the respiratory tract from aspirated gasric contents. A. Put in place a cuffed ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE prior to gastric intubation. Administer OXYGEN, using a mechanical ventilator if respiration is depressed. B. Lavage the stomach with a slurry of ACTIVATED CHARCOAL in saline or water. Leave a volume of the slurry in the stomach with an appropriate dose of sorbitol as cathartic ... . C. If treatment is delayed and if the patient remains fully alert, adminsiter activated charcoal and sorbitol orally. ... Repeated administration of charcoal at half or more the initial dosage every 2-4 hours may be beneficial. D. Do not given vegetable or animal fats or oils, which enhance gastrointestinal absorption of many of the fumigant compounds. 8. Intravenous infusions of GLUCOSE are valuable in limiting the heptotoxicity of many substances. Monitor central venous presure to avoid precipitating, or aggravating, pulmonary edema by fluid overlaod. The victim should be watched closely for indications of delayed or recurrent pulmonary edema, and for bronchophenumonia. Fluid balance should be monitored, and urine sediment should be checked regularly for indications of tubular injury. Measure serum alkaline phosphatase, LDH, ALT, AST, and bilirubin to assess liver injury. 9. HEMOPERFUSION OVER ACTIVATED CHARCOAL has been used in managing a case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning with apparent success. ... 10. EXTRACORPOREAL HEMODIALYSIS may be needed to regulate extracellular fluid composition if renal failure supervenes. It is probably not very effective in removing lipophilic fumigant compounds from blood, but is, of course, effective in controlling extracellular fluid composition if renal failure occurs. /Fumigant poisoning/
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Dichloropropane, dichloropropene, and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dichloropropane, dichloropropene, and related compounds/
Pesticidal compounds have the formula: ##STR1## wherein D represents hydrogen or a cyano group X represents chlorine or bromine A represents an alkyl group n is 0 or an integer of 1-4 and RCOO is the residue of an acid RCOOH whose .alpha.-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester has pesticidal properties. They are prepared by esterification methods.
