4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone is expected to share the same metabolic fate as the primary material, i.e. conjugation with glucuronic acid and excretion in the urine.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dimethylhydroxy furanone is a beige powder. It is used as a flavoring agent and experimental medication. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (2,5-DMHF), a caramel-like fragrant compound found in many processed foodstuffs, has been reported to be mutagenic. 2,5-DMHF generates superoxide and subsequently hydrogen peroxide to induce metal-dependent DNA damage. ANIMAL STUDIES: Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were given diets containing 2,5-DMHF at a dose of 0 (control), 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg bw per day for 24 months. No significant compound-related effects were reported in any of the animals at 100 and 200 mg/kg bw per day. The mean body weights and body-weight gains of males and females at the highest dose (400 mg/kg bw per day) were significantly lower than those of control animals at 24 months. The mean survival rate for males in the group receiving the highest dose was significantly lower (approximately 20%, p<0.05) than that of males in the control group at 24 months. The authors concluded that this finding was attributable to an increased incidence of adenomas of the pars distalis of the pituitary, with subsequent compression of the hypothalamic region within the brains of males at the highest dose. It was concluded that these adenomas were common, spontaneous tumors that were unrelated to the administration of 2,5-DMHF. 2,5-DMHF showed mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain with and without metabolic activation, and induced micronucleated mouse peripheral reticulocytes. 2,5-DMHF induced micronucleated reticulocytes in mouse peripheral blood in a dose-dependent manner after oral administration /at doses of 0.5-1.0 g/kg/. The results indicate that DMHF can cause genetic damage after oral administration.
2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2 H)-furanone (DMHF), produced by Maillard reaction of sugar/amino acid and found in various foodstuffs, showed mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain with and without S9 mix, and induced micronucleated mouse peripheral reticulocytes. DNA strand breaking activity of the compound at pH 7.4 increased with the increasing dose of the compound and with the increasing incubation time. The breaking activity was inhibited in the presence of superoxide dismutase, catalase, hydroxyl radical scavengers, spin trapping agents, thiol compounds and metal chelators, and also by removal of dissolved oxygen from the incubation mixture. Addition of Fe(III) ion to the incubation mixture enhanced the breaking activity. Incubation of DMHF with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) gave electron spin resonance signals characteristic to DMPO-OH adduct, indicating generation of hydroxyl radical. It was found that DMHF generated hydroxyl radical with an aid of a trace amount of metal ions, and induced DNA strand breaking. Mutagenicity and induction of micronucleated reticulocytes by DMHF may be caused as a result of DNA modification via hydroxyl radical.
Prooxidant properties of furanone compounds including 2,5-furanone (furaneol, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-furan-3-one), 4,5-furanone (4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone) (sotolone) and cyclotene (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one) were analyzed in relation to the metal-reducing activity. Only 2,5-furanone known as a "strawberry or pineapple furanone" inactivated aconitase the most sensitive enzyme to active oxygen in the presence of ferrous sulfate, suggesting the furaneol/iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. 2,5-Furanone caused strand scission of pBR322 DNA in the presence of copper. Treatment of calf thymus DNA with 2,5-furanone plus copper produced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA. 2,5-Furanone showed a potent copper-reducing activity, and thus, DNA strand breaks and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine by 2,5-furanone can be initiated by the production of superoxide radical through the reduction of cupric ion to cuprous ion, resulting in the conversion to hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. However, an isomer and analog of 2,5-furanone, 4,5-furanone and cyclotene, respectively, did not show an inactivation of aconitase, DNA injuries including strand breakage and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and copper-reducing activity. Cytotoxic effect of 2,5-furanone with hydroxyketone structure can be explained by its prooxidant properties: furaneol/transition metal complex generates reactive oxygen species causing the inactivation of aconitase and the formation of DNA base damage by hydroxyl radical.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/
2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]furanone (Furaneol, DMHF) [3658-77-3], an important flavor constituent of strawberry fruit, was administered to four male and two female volunteers using fresh strawberries as a natural DMHF source. The amount excreted was determined by measuring urinary levels of DMHF and DMHF glucuronide. DMHF glucuronide was synthesized and the structure elucidated by mens of (1)H, (13)C and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as mass spectral data. Identification and quantification of DMHF glucuronide in human urine were achieved after solid phase extraction on XAD-2 using reverse-phase reverse-phase HPLC with either on-line UV/VIS or electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection. Male and female volunteers excreted 59-69% and 81-94%, respectively, of the DMHF dose (total of free and glycosidically bound DMHF in strawberries) as DMHF glucuronide in urine within 24 hr. The amount of DMHF excretion was independent of the dose size and the ratio of free to glycosidically bound forms of DMHF in strawberry fruit. DMHF, DMHF glucoside and its 6'-O-malonyl derivative, naturally occurring in strawberries, were not detected in human urine.
Fragrant hydroxyfuranone and dihydroxypyranone derivatives generated in the Maillard reaction of sugars and amino acids are detected in various processed foods and have been shown active to break DNA single-strand in the in vitro studies. In the present study, absorption of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2 H)-furanone (DMHF) and 4-hydroxy-2(or 5)-ethyl-5(or 2)-methyl-3(2 H)-furanone (HEMF), both found in soy sauce, into plasma after a single intraperitoneal or oral administration at doses of 0.5-1.0 g/kg to mice was examined. Both compounds appeared in plasma 15 min after intraperitoneal administration and disappeared 2 hr after the administration. They appeared in plasma 5 min after oral administration, reached maximum after 15-45 min, and gradually disappeared after 2 h, indicating that they are absorbed by the digestive tract. Both DMHF and HEMF induced micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in mouse peripheral blood in a dose-dependent manner after oral administration. The results indicate that DMHF and HEMF can cause genetic damage after oral administration.
4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone is expected to share the same metabolic fate as the primary material, i.e. conjugation with glucuronic acid and excretion in the urine.
Synthesis of 9-Oxa-5-azatricyclo[4.3.0.03,7]nonan-4-ones from 4,4,5-Trihydroxy-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-exo-6-carbonitriles by Their Ring Transformation
A rhodium-catalyzed carbonylative transformation of alkyl halides under low pressure of CO has been developed. This robust catalyst system allows using phenols as the carbonylative coupling partner and, meanwhile, exhibits high functional group tolerance and good chemoselectivity. Substrates even with a large steric hindrance group or multiple reaction sites can be selectively converted into the desired
[EN] HEMI-AMINAL ETHERS AND THIOETHERS OF N-ALKENYL CYCLIC COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] ÉTHERS ET THIOÉTHERS HÉMIAMINAUX DE COMPOSÉS CYCLIQUES N-ALCÉNYLIQUES
申请人：ISP INVESTMENTS INC
公开号：WO2014116560A1
公开（公告）日：2014-07-31
Described herein are hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds that may be produced through a reaction comprising: (A) at least one first reactant represented by a structure (I), wherein X is a functionalized or unfunctionalized C1-C5 alkylene group optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each R1, R2, and R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and functionalized and unfunctionalized alkyl groups optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and (B) at least one second reactant having at least one hydroxyl moiety or thiol moiety. The hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds may comprise a polymerizable moiety, in which case they may be left as-is or used to create homopolymers or non-homopolymers, or they may not comprise a polymerizable moiety. A wide variety of formulations may be created using the hemi-aminal ethers and thioethers of N-alkenyl cyclic compounds, including personal care, oilfield, and construction formulations.
[EN] HETEROCYCLE SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS<br/>[FR] AGENTS ANTIFONGIQUES DÉRIVÉS DE PYRIDINE SUBSTITUÉS PAR UN HÉTÉROCYCLE
申请人：AMPLYX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
公开号：WO2019113542A1
公开（公告）日：2019-06-13
Described herein are heterocycle substituted pyridine derivative antifungal agents and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds. The subject compounds and compositions are useful for the treatment of fungal diseases and infections.
FLAVOR MODULATOR HAVING PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE OR SALT THEREOF AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT
申请人：T. HASEGAWA CO., LTD.
公开号：US20180072670A1
公开（公告）日：2018-03-15
2-(phenylalkyloxyalkyl)pyridine derivative or a 2-(phenylalkylthioalkyl)pyridine derivative imparts, when added to food and drink or cosmetics as an active ingredient, a flavor of natural impression thereto; and in particular, when added to food and drink, the compound imparts an umami imparting or enhancing, a saltiness enhancing a sweetness enhancing, and in particular, when added to a milk or dairy product, a food or drink product containing a milk or dairy product, or a dairy replacement product, the compound provides a milk richness enhancing.
1H-pyrrole-2,4-dicarbonyl-derivatives and their use as flavoring agents
申请人：IMAX Discovery GmbH
公开号：EP2832233A1
公开（公告）日：2015-02-04
The present invention primarily relates to 1H-pyrrole-2,4-dicarbonyl-derivatives of Formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, Z. Z' and J are as defined in the description, to mixtures thereof and to the use thereof as flavoring agents. The compounds in accordance with the present invention are suitable for producing, imparting, or intensifying an umami flavor. The invention further relates to flavoring mixtures, compositions for oral consumption as well as ready-to-eat, ready-to-use and semifinished products, comprising an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) or of a mixture of compounds of Formula (I) and to specific methods for producing, imparting, modifying and/or intensifying specific flavor impressions.
