双(吲哚基)衍生物表现出镇静、抗菌和抗真菌活性,并且吲哚本身可用于治疗纤维肌痛、慢性疲劳和肠易激综合征。此外,双吲哚还用作高选择性比色和比例荧光分子化学传感器,也用于癌症化疗。多种催化剂如质子酸和路易斯酸、粘土、高氯酸锂、碘、Amberlyst 树脂、三苯甲基氯、氰尿酰氯以及离子液体已被用于吲哚与芳香醛的亲电取代反应以生成双(吲哚基)甲烷。然而,这些试剂不仅价格昂贵,而且其制备反应时间长,收率低;此外,它们是强酸性的,可能涉及繁琐的实验和隔离程序。抗坏血酸已被用作 C-亲核试剂,作为合成手性氧杂环丁烷和手性多元醇的中间体,作为制备手性铂-双-亚膦酸络合物催化剂的还原剂,以及作为 b 的还原脱磺酰化的催化剂-酮砜。因此决定探索其作为催化剂的潜力,我们现在报告吲哚与几种芳香醛的成功缩合。在乙醇中,吲哚和芳香醛在抗坏血酸的存在下,在室温下进行反应,对于带有给电子和吸电子取代基的芳香醛,反应以高于
An efficient solvent free Amberlite IRA-400 Cl resin mediated multicomponent synthesis and photophysical properties of fluorescent 4 H -chromene derivatives
An efficient Amberlite IRA-400 Cl basic anion exchange resin mediated multicomponent reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes, 1, 3-diketone and nucleophiles under neat condition afforded a number of fluorescent 4H-chromenederivatives in excellent yield. The structure of the synthesized compounds 4k and 4u were confirmed from single crystal XRD studies. 4H-Among the chromene derivatives, compound 4v synthesized
Hydrated ferric sulfate-catalyzed reactions of indole with aldehydes, ketones, cyclic ketones, and chromanones: Synthesis of bisindoles and trisindoles
作者:Wayland E. Noland、Honnaiah Vijay Kumar、Grant C. Flick、Cole L. Aspros、Jong Hyeon Yoon、Andre C. Wilt、Nasim Dehkordi、Sheng Thao、Andrew K. Schneerer、Siming Gao、Kenneth J. Tritch
DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.061
日期:2017.7
Hydrated ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O] has been found to be an efficient catalyst for condensation of bisindoles or trisindoles with aliphatic or aryl aldehydes and ketones including methyl and ethyl-alkyl ketones, methyl aryl ketones, cyclic ketones, and 4-chromanones in 19–96% yields. Trisindoles and 2,2'-alkylidenebisindoles were obtained from indole-3-carbaldehydes or 3-methylindole in 72–84% yields
水合硫酸铁[Fe 2(SO 4)3 · x H 2 O]被发现是双吲哚或三吲哚与脂族或芳基醛和酮(包括甲基和乙基烷基酮,甲基芳基酮)缩合的有效催化剂,环酮和4-chromanones的产率为19-96%。从吲哚-3-甲醛或3-甲基吲哚获得三吲哚和2,2'-亚烷基双吲哚,产率为72–84%。总共使用了43种底物,得到33种双吲哚,3种三吲哚和一种2:2产物。其中有十七个是新的。用Fe 2(SO 4)3 · x加热乙醇悬浮液可获得最佳结果。H 2 O负载量为60 mg / mmol亲电试剂。反应时间通常为1-4小时,而受阻亲电试剂则需要8-24小时。这些条件足够强以促进吲哚与底物的2:1缩合,而不会形成高阶副产物,几乎没有例外。该策略的特征在于催化剂对各种官能团的耐受性,易于获得的起始原料,简单的操作,温和的反应条件以及对环境友好。
Catalytic efficiency of β-cyclodextrin hydrate-chemoselective reaction of indoles with aldehydes in aqueous medium
β-cyclodextrin hydrate has been investigated towards the eco-compatible synthesis of bis-(indolyl)methanes in aqueous medium by the chemoselective reaction of indoles with differently substituted aryl and alkyl aldehydes under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic attributes of β-cyclodextrin hydrate were also demonstrated through molecular docking and DFT studies. Reactions were slower in D2O than in H2O
PEG-SO<sub>3</sub>H as a Catalyst for the Preparation of Bis-Indolyl and Tris-Indolyl Methanes in Aqueous Media
作者:V. Jhansi Rani、K. Veena Vani、C. Venkata Rao
DOI:10.1080/00397911.2010.551700
日期:2012.7.15
Abstract A facile, efficient, and green synthesis of bis-indolyl and tris-indolyl methanes has been developed by one-pot condensation of indole with structurally diverse aldehydes and ketones in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol)–bound sulfonicacid as catalyst at room temperature. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
A New Amphiphilic Brønsted Acid as Catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Indoles in Water
作者:Yuan Cheng、Xiongyu Ou、Jimei Ma、Linhao Sun、Zhong-Hua Ma
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.201801612
日期:2019.1.10
A designed Brønsted acid enables Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles in water, whose hydrophobic aggregations of fluorocarbon chains, along with phenyl ring, protected acid sites from bulk water and enriched the substrates. The amphiphilic structure has been proven crucial for the high catalytic efficiency.