Adaptive Self-Assembly: Environment-Induced Formation and Reversible Switching of Polynuclear Metallocyclophanes
摘要:
Ligand 3 has been shown to self-assemble under coordination of copper(II) cations in a 1:1 ratio in acetonitrile to give equilibrating mixtures of a [2 x 2] grid-type tetranuclear structure 1 and a hexanuclear achitecture of hexagonal shape 2. The latter was confirmed by determination of the crystal structure which further indicated that 2 contained acetonitrile molecules and hydroxo groups bound to the copper(II) centers, which are therefore five-coordinate. The structures assigned to 1 and 2 were further supported by the spectral (mass, UV/Vis) data. The self-assembly process is strongly dependent on the conditions of the medium. An increase in concentration in acetronitrile increases the relative amount of hexamer 2, which appears to be the favored entity at the highest concentrations that can be reached before precipitation occurs. On the other hand, in nitromethane only the tetranuclear complex 1 was detected by mass spectrometry. Replacement of nitromethane by acetonitrile and vice versa indicated the reversible switching between a solution containing either 1 alone or an equilibrium mixture of 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, the system described presents several remarkable features: 1) self-assembly with substrate binding, 2) dynamic combinatorial structure generation, and 3) environment-induced structural switching amounting in effect to a process of adaptive self-assembly.
A new copper-complexed [3]rotaxane consisting of two coordinating 30-membered rings threaded by a two-binding-site axis has been prepared in good yield from relatively simple organic fragments. The main specificity of the system originates from the stoppering reaction, based on "click" chemistry, and thus from the presence of two triazole groups at positions next to the bidentate chelates of the axis
A cyclic pseudo-rotaxane tetramer has been synthesised quantitatively at room temperature by threading two two-coordination site rods through two bis-macrocycles in the presence of copper(I) as a template.
Cyclic [2]Pseudorotaxane Tetramers Consisting of Two Rigid Rods Threaded through Two Bis-Macrocycles: Copper(I)-Templated Synthesis and X-ray Structure Studies
Variously substituted coordinating rigid rods have been synthesized which incorporate a central 4,7-phenanthroline nucleus attached to two 2-pyridyl groups via its 3 and 8 positions, so as to yield bis-bidentate chelates, the two-coordinating axes of the chelates being parallel to one another. Regardless of the nature of the substituents borne by the rods, the copper(I)-induced threading reaction of two such rods through the rings of two bis-macrocycles affords in a quantitative yield the 4-copper(I) threaded assembly. The [2]pseudorotaxane tetramers thus obtained have been fully characterized in solution and, for one of them, an X-ray structure could be obtained, confirming the threaded nature of the complex and providing important structural information.
Adaptive Self-Assembly: Environment-Induced Formation and Reversible Switching of Polynuclear Metallocyclophanes
作者:Paul N. W. Baxter、Richard G. Khoury、Jean-Marie Lehn、Gerhard Baum、Dieter Fenske
Ligand 3 has been shown to self-assemble under coordination of copper(II) cations in a 1:1 ratio in acetonitrile to give equilibrating mixtures of a [2 x 2] grid-type tetranuclear structure 1 and a hexanuclear achitecture of hexagonal shape 2. The latter was confirmed by determination of the crystal structure which further indicated that 2 contained acetonitrile molecules and hydroxo groups bound to the copper(II) centers, which are therefore five-coordinate. The structures assigned to 1 and 2 were further supported by the spectral (mass, UV/Vis) data. The self-assembly process is strongly dependent on the conditions of the medium. An increase in concentration in acetronitrile increases the relative amount of hexamer 2, which appears to be the favored entity at the highest concentrations that can be reached before precipitation occurs. On the other hand, in nitromethane only the tetranuclear complex 1 was detected by mass spectrometry. Replacement of nitromethane by acetonitrile and vice versa indicated the reversible switching between a solution containing either 1 alone or an equilibrium mixture of 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, the system described presents several remarkable features: 1) self-assembly with substrate binding, 2) dynamic combinatorial structure generation, and 3) environment-induced structural switching amounting in effect to a process of adaptive self-assembly.