Sulfation of indoxyl by human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases to form indoxyl sulfate
摘要:
The aim of this study was to identify sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform(s) responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl (3-hydroxyindole). Indoxyl was incubated together with the co-substrate 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and either human or rat liver cytosol or recombinant sulfotransferase enzymes. Formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl was measured by HPLC and used for determination of sulfonation rates. Both cytosols sulfonated indoxyl with apparent K-m values of 6.8 +/- 0.9 muM for human and 3.2 +/- 0.6 muM for rat cytosol. To help identify the isoform(s) of SULT responsible for indoxyl sulfate formation, indoxyl was incubated with human and rat liver cytosols and PAPS in the presence of isoform-specific SULT inhibitors. No inhibition was observed by DHEA, a specific hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase inhibitor, nor by oestrone, an inhibitor of oestrogen sulfotransferase. However, an aryl (phenol) sulfotransferase inhibitor, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), inhibited the formation of indoxyl sulfate with a IC50 values of 3.2 muM for human and 1.0 muM for rat cytosol indicating that human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases are responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate. When indoxyl was incubated with SULT1A1*2, a human recombinant aryl SULT, an apparent K-m value of 5.6 +/- 1.8 muM was obtained. Kinetic studies with human and rat cytosols and human recombinant SULT1A1*2 gave similar kinetic values indicating that human and rat aryl sulfotransferases efficiently catalyze the formation of indoxyl sulfate, an important uremic toxin metabolite.
Sulfation of indoxyl by human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases to form indoxyl sulfate
摘要:
The aim of this study was to identify sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform(s) responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl (3-hydroxyindole). Indoxyl was incubated together with the co-substrate 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and either human or rat liver cytosol or recombinant sulfotransferase enzymes. Formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl was measured by HPLC and used for determination of sulfonation rates. Both cytosols sulfonated indoxyl with apparent K-m values of 6.8 +/- 0.9 muM for human and 3.2 +/- 0.6 muM for rat cytosol. To help identify the isoform(s) of SULT responsible for indoxyl sulfate formation, indoxyl was incubated with human and rat liver cytosols and PAPS in the presence of isoform-specific SULT inhibitors. No inhibition was observed by DHEA, a specific hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase inhibitor, nor by oestrone, an inhibitor of oestrogen sulfotransferase. However, an aryl (phenol) sulfotransferase inhibitor, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), inhibited the formation of indoxyl sulfate with a IC50 values of 3.2 muM for human and 1.0 muM for rat cytosol indicating that human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases are responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate. When indoxyl was incubated with SULT1A1*2, a human recombinant aryl SULT, an apparent K-m value of 5.6 +/- 1.8 muM was obtained. Kinetic studies with human and rat cytosols and human recombinant SULT1A1*2 gave similar kinetic values indicating that human and rat aryl sulfotransferases efficiently catalyze the formation of indoxyl sulfate, an important uremic toxin metabolite.
Vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymers having good organoleptic properties
申请人:INEOS STYROLUTION GROUP GMBH
公开号:US11326014B2
公开(公告)日:2022-05-10
The invention relates to a vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A, obtained by an anionic polymerization of a monomer composition, comprising: Al: 60-95 wt.-% of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer, and A2:5-40 wt.-% of at least one diene monomer, wherein the vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A in total comprises less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of acetaldehyde, methacrolein and styrene based on the total amount of vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A; the vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A has improved orgnoleptic properties and is in particular suitable for producing food packaging materials.
本发明涉及一种乙烯基芳香族/二烯嵌段共聚物 A,由单体组合物阴离子聚合得到,单体组合物包括其中,乙烯基芳香族/二烯嵌段共聚物 A 中的乙醛、甲基丙烯醛和苯乙烯的总含量低于乙烯基芳香族/二烯嵌段共聚物 A 总含量的百万分之十(ppm);乙烯基芳香族/二烯嵌段共聚物 A 具有更好的口感,尤其适用于生产食品包装材料。
ANTIPERSPIRANT AND DEODORANT COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING MALODOR REDUCTION COMPOSITIONS
申请人:The Procter & Gamble Company
公开号:US20160089317A1
公开(公告)日:2016-03-31
The present invention relates to antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising malodor reduction compositions and methods of making and using such antiperspirant and deodorant compositions. Such antiperspirant and deodorant compositions comprising the malodor control technologies disclosed herein provide malodor control without leaving an undesirable scent and when perfume is used to scent such compositions, such scent is not unduely altered by the malodor control technology.
The present invention relates to cleaning and/or treatment compositions comprising malodor reduction compositions and methods of making and using such cleaning and/or treatment compositions and malodor reduction compositions. As a result, such malodor reduction compositions do not unduely interfere with the scent of the perfumed or unperfumed cleaning and/or treatment compositions that comprise such compositions and the perfumed or unperfumed situs that is treated with such cleaning and/or treatment compositions.
VINYL AROMATIC/DIENE-BLOCK COPOLYMERS HAVING GOOD ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES
申请人:INEOS STYROLUTION GROUP GMBH
公开号:US20200207901A1
公开(公告)日:2020-07-02
The invention relates to a vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A, obtained by an anionic polymerization of a monomer composition, comprising: Al: 60-95 wt.-% of at least one vinyl aromatic monomer, and A2:5-40 wt.-% of at least one diene monomer, wherein the vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A in total comprises less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of acetaldehyde, methacrolein and styrene based on the total amount of vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A; the vinyl aromatic/diene-block copolymer A has improved orgnoleptic properties and is in particular suitable for producing food packaging materials.
Sulfation of indoxyl by human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases to form indoxyl sulfate
作者:E. Banoglu、R. S. King
DOI:10.1007/bf03190428
日期:2002.6
The aim of this study was to identify sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform(s) responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl (3-hydroxyindole). Indoxyl was incubated together with the co-substrate 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and either human or rat liver cytosol or recombinant sulfotransferase enzymes. Formation of indoxyl sulfate from indoxyl was measured by HPLC and used for determination of sulfonation rates. Both cytosols sulfonated indoxyl with apparent K-m values of 6.8 +/- 0.9 muM for human and 3.2 +/- 0.6 muM for rat cytosol. To help identify the isoform(s) of SULT responsible for indoxyl sulfate formation, indoxyl was incubated with human and rat liver cytosols and PAPS in the presence of isoform-specific SULT inhibitors. No inhibition was observed by DHEA, a specific hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase inhibitor, nor by oestrone, an inhibitor of oestrogen sulfotransferase. However, an aryl (phenol) sulfotransferase inhibitor, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), inhibited the formation of indoxyl sulfate with a IC50 values of 3.2 muM for human and 1.0 muM for rat cytosol indicating that human and rat aryl (phenol) sulfotransferases are responsible for the formation of indoxyl sulfate. When indoxyl was incubated with SULT1A1*2, a human recombinant aryl SULT, an apparent K-m value of 5.6 +/- 1.8 muM was obtained. Kinetic studies with human and rat cytosols and human recombinant SULT1A1*2 gave similar kinetic values indicating that human and rat aryl sulfotransferases efficiently catalyze the formation of indoxyl sulfate, an important uremic toxin metabolite.