1,2- versus 1,4-Addition to α-donor-cyclopenten-1-ones; a comparison of calculated and experimental data †
作者:Hanna S. H. Gautun、Rolf Carlson、Per N. Skancke
DOI:10.1039/a905444h
日期:——
A series of α-donor-cyclopenten-1-ones, 1 (α-donor; X = H, Cl, Br, OMe, pyrrolidin-1-yl, SPh and SePh) were treated with methyllithium, lithium dimethylcuprate and cyanomethyllithium in tetrahydrofuran at â78 °C. The reactions between 1 and methyllithium gave 1,2-adducts in 28â75% yield. No trace of the corresponding 1,4-adduct was observed. By treatment of 1 with lithium dimethylcuprate only 1,4-addition was obtained in 51â76% yield, except for X = OMe or pyrrolidin-1-yl, which gave no reaction at all. In the reactions between 1 and cyanomethyllithium the 1,2-adducts were the main products (43â60%), but varying amounts of 1,4-adducts (8â30%) were also formed. The products formed have been fully characterized. Net atomic charges obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the lithiated cations of 1 with X = H, Cl, Br or OMe showed very small differences between the substituted and unsubstituted systems for all X, except for X = OMe. In this case the C2 position was positive rather than negative. The C3 position was found to be significantly more negative. The calculated relative energies of the methylated and cyanomethylated 1,2- and 1,4-adducts with X = H, Cl, Br and OMe indicated that the 1,4-adducts were thermodynamically favoured by 8 to 12 kcal molâ1 for all but one case. In the cyanomethylation of 1 with X = OMe the 1,2-adduct was predicted to be favoured by 12 kcal molâ1. Thus, the predominance of 1,2-attack in the reactions involving methyllithium and cyanomethyllithium cannot be explained by the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the products.
一系列α-给体-环戊烯-1-酮,1(α-给体;X = H、Cl、Br、OMe、吡咯烷-1-基、SPh和SePh)在-78°C下与甲基锂、二甲基铜锂和氰基甲基锂在四氢呋喃中进行反应。1与甲基锂的反应生成1,2-加合物,产率为28-75%。未观察到相应的1,4-加合物。1与二甲基铜锂的反应仅得到1,4-加成产物,产率为51-76%,除了X = OMe或吡咯烷-1-基,这些情况下根本不发生反应。1与氰基甲基锂的反应中,1,2-加合物是主要产物(43-60%),但也形成了不同数量的1,4-加合物(8-30%)。形成的产物已完全表征。通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算得到的1的锂化阳离子(X = H、Cl、Br或OMe)的净原子电荷显示,所有X的取代和未取代体系之间的差异非常小,除了X = OMe的情况。在这种情况下,C2位置是正的而不是负的。C3位置显著更加负电。计算得到的甲基化和氰基甲基化的1,2-和1,4-加合物(X = H、Cl、Br和OMe)的相对能量表明,除了一个情况外,1,4-加合物在热力学上更优,优于8到12 kcal/mol。在X = OMe的1的氰基甲基化中,预测1,2-加合物更优,优于12 kcal/mol。因此,涉及甲基锂和氰基甲基锂的反应中1,2-攻击的主导地位不能通过产物的相对热力学稳定性来解释。