Toward Efficient Analysis of Mutations in Single Cells from Ethanol-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded, and Immunohistochemically Stained Tissues
摘要:
only a few studies have demonstrated successful molecular analysis after whole genome amplification using single cells dissected from paraffin-embedded tissues. The results in these studies were limited by low-amplification efficiency and high rates of allele dropout. In the present study, the amplification rate using a thoroughly modified primer extension and preamplification-PCR protocol was improved significantly for single cells microdissected from paraffin-embedded and immunohistochemically stained tissues. Tissue fixation with ethanol (85%) and the addition of 0.2 mmol/L EDTA helped to achieve an amplification rate between 67% (segments 200 to 400 bp) and 72% (segments <200 bp). Normal tissue sections were immunohistochemically double stained for overabundance of p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Microdissection of single cells was performed with a manual micromanipulator equipped with a Tungsten needle. Sequence analysis of the TP53 gene was performed after improved primer extension preamplification-PCR and multiplex PCR from single microdissected cells. The rate of allele dropout was at least 68%. These technical advances facilitate routine mutation analysis using a single cell or a few cells microdissected from routinely processed paraffin-embedded normal and tumor tissues. Allele dropout still represents a serious problem in single-cell mutation analysis, especially in samples with limited template DNA and prone to DNA damage.
An Efficient Greener Approach for N-acylation of Amines in Water Using Benzotriazole Chemistry
作者:Tarek S. Ibrahim、Israa A. Seliem、Siva S. Panda、Amany M. M. Al-Mahmoudy、Zakaria K. M. Abdel-Samii、Nabil A. Alhakamy、Hani Z. Asfour、Mohamed Elagawany
DOI:10.3390/molecules25112501
日期:——
straightforward, mild and cost-efficient synthesis of various arylamides in water was accomplished using versatile benzotriazole chemistry. Acylation of various amines was achieved in water at room temperature as well as undermicrowaveirradiation. The developed protocol unfolds the synthesis of amino acid aryl amides, drug conjugates and benzimidazoles. The environmentally friendly synthesis, short reaction