Peripherally acting enkephalin analogs. 2. Polar tri- and tetrapeptides
摘要:
The design, synthesis, and biological activity of a series of D-Arg2-enkephalin-derived tetrapeptide amides and tripeptide aralkylamides are reported. These polar analogues were designed to be excluded from the central nervous system with their action thus limited to peripheral opioid receptors. The effects of the nature of the aromatic ring, aryl ring substitution, and aralkylamine chain length on activity were investigated; in a number of cases the N-terminal amino group of Tyr1 was converted to a guanidino group to further increase hydrophilicity. The peptides were all synthesized by classical solution methodology. The opioid activity of the peptides was assessed in vitro on the guinea pig ileum and their antinociceptive activity was determined in vivo in chemically induced writhing models (peripheral activity) and in the hot-plate test (central activity), in rodents. That the analgesic effects were predominantly mediated in the periphery was demonstrated by antagonism of antinociception by the peripheral opioid antagonist N-methylnalorphine and by comparison of the activities in the writhing and hot-plate tests. As a class, the tetrapeptides were more potent than the tripeptides; N alpha-amidination generally increased activity. A number of compounds exhibited very potent opioid activity and had the desired pharmacological profile, indicating a high degree of peripheral selectivity.
Peripherally acting enkephalin analogs. 2. Polar tri- and tetrapeptides
摘要:
The design, synthesis, and biological activity of a series of D-Arg2-enkephalin-derived tetrapeptide amides and tripeptide aralkylamides are reported. These polar analogues were designed to be excluded from the central nervous system with their action thus limited to peripheral opioid receptors. The effects of the nature of the aromatic ring, aryl ring substitution, and aralkylamine chain length on activity were investigated; in a number of cases the N-terminal amino group of Tyr1 was converted to a guanidino group to further increase hydrophilicity. The peptides were all synthesized by classical solution methodology. The opioid activity of the peptides was assessed in vitro on the guinea pig ileum and their antinociceptive activity was determined in vivo in chemically induced writhing models (peripheral activity) and in the hot-plate test (central activity), in rodents. That the analgesic effects were predominantly mediated in the periphery was demonstrated by antagonism of antinociception by the peripheral opioid antagonist N-methylnalorphine and by comparison of the activities in the writhing and hot-plate tests. As a class, the tetrapeptides were more potent than the tripeptides; N alpha-amidination generally increased activity. A number of compounds exhibited very potent opioid activity and had the desired pharmacological profile, indicating a high degree of peripheral selectivity.
Highly Potent Cyclic Disulfide Antagonists of Somatostatin
作者:Simon J. Hocart、Rahul Jain、William A. Murphy、John E. Taylor、David H. Coy
DOI:10.1021/jm9806289
日期:1999.6.1
The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst(1-5)) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst(1) or sst(4). Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum Mel. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists of somatostatin had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we further explore the effect of this putative L,D-5(6) antagonist motif on somatostatin octapeptide analogues with a cyclic hexapeptide core. The most potent antagonist found to date is H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2970 (21), which has an IC50 Of 1.1 nM in a rat pituitary growth hormone in vitro antagonist assay versus SRIF (1 nM). This analogue bound to cloned human somatostatin subtype 2 receptors with a K-i of 26 nM. The highest hsst(2) affinity analogue was H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Tle-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2915 (15), with a K-i of 12 nM (IC50 = 1.8 nM). This analogue was also selective for hsst(2) over hsst(3) and hsst(5) by factors of 8 and 40, respectively, and had no agonist activity when tested alone at concentrations up to 10 mu M. Regression analysis of the binding affinities versus the observed antagonist potencies revealed high correlations for hsst(2) (r = 0.65) and hsst(3) (r = 0.52) with a less significant correlation to hsst5 (r = 0.40). This is quite different from the somatostatin agonist analogues which show a highly significant correlation to hsst(2) (r > 0.9). Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.