AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to long-term and permanent motor dysfunctions, and nervous system abnormalities. Injury to the spinal cord triggers a signaling cascade that results in activation of the inflammatory cascade, apoptosis, and Zn(II) ion homeostasis. Trehalose (Tre), a nonreducing disaccharide, and l-carnosine (Car), (β-alanyl-l-histidine), one of the endogenous histidine dipeptides have been recognized to suppress early inflammatory effects, oxidative stress and to possess neuroprotective effects. We report on the effects of the conjugation of Tre with Car (Tre–car) in reducing inflammation in in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro study was performed using rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cell line). After 24 h, Tre–car, Car, Tre, and Tre + Car mixture treatments, cells were collected and used to investigate Zn2+ homeostasis. The in vivo model of SCI was induced by extradural compression of the spinal cord at the T6–T8 levels. After treatments with Tre, Car and Tre–Car conjugate 1 and 6 h after SCI, spinal cord tissue was collected for analysis. In vitro results demonstrated the ionophore effect and chelating features of l-carnosine and its conjugate. In vivo, the Tre–car conjugate treatment counteracted the activation of the early inflammatory cascade, oxidative stress and apoptosis after SCI. The Tre–car conjugate stimulated neurotrophic factors release, and influenced Zn2+ homeostasis. We demonstrated that Tre–car, Tre and Car treatments improved tissue recovery after SCI. Tre–car decreased proinflammatory, oxidative stress mediators release, upregulated neurotrophic factors and restored Zn2+ homeostasis, suggesting that Tre–car may represent a promising therapeutic agent for counteracting the consequences of SCI.
标题:摘要
脊髓损伤(SCI)会导致长期和永久的运动功能障碍和神经系统异常。脊髓损伤会触发信号级联反应,导致炎症级联反应、细胞凋亡和Zn(II)离子稳态失衡。特雷哈罗斯(Tre)是一种非还原二糖,而β-丙氨酸- L-组氨酸(Car)是内源性组氨酸二肽之一,已被认为可以抑制早期炎症效应、氧化应激并具有神经保护作用。我们报告了Tre与Car(Tre-car)的结合对于体外和体内模型中减少炎症的影响。体外研究使用大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞(PC12细胞系)进行,24小时后,Tre-car、Car、Tre和Tre+Car混合物处理后,收集细胞并用于研究Zn2+稳态。SCI的体内模型是通过在T6-T8水平压迫脊髓引起的。SCI后1小时和6小时给予Tre、Car和Tre-Car结合物治疗后,收集脊髓组织进行分析。体外结果表明了L-肉碱的离子载体效应和螯合特性及其结合物。在体内,Tre-car结合物治疗对抗了SCI后早期炎症级联反应、氧化应激和细胞凋亡。Tre-car结合物刺激神经营养因子的释放,并影响了Zn2+稳态。我们证明了Tre-car、Tre和Car治疗可以改善SCI后的组织恢复。Tre-car减少了促炎症、氧化应激介质的释放,上调了神经营养因子并恢复了Zn2+稳态,表明Tre-car可能是一种有前途的治疗剂,可以对抗SCI的后果。