Contact Allergens from Surfactants. Atmospheric Oxidation of Polyoxyethylene Alcohols, Formation of Ethoxylated Aldehydes, and Their Allergenic Activity
摘要:
Ethoxylated surfactants are susceptible to oxidation upon air exposure. We have previously studied the rate of peroxidation and formaldehyde formation in the chemically well-defined ethoxylated alcohol C12H25(OCH2CH2)(5)OH. Formaldehyde is a common cause of contact allergy. The aim of the present study was to identify other oxidation products that could be formed upon air exposure of the ethoxylated alcohol and to determine their allergenic activity. It was shown that air oxidation of C12H25(OCH2CH2)(5)OH gave all the theoretically possible aldehydes of the general formula C12H25(OCH2 CH2)(n)OCH2CHO (n = 0-4) and that the major oxidation product was C12H25(OCH2CH2)(4)OCH2CHO, dodecyltetraoxyethyleneoxyacetaldehyde. The structure elucidation and synthesis of these aldehydes are here presented for the first time. The major aldehyde was shown to be a contact allergen with the same sensitizing capacity as that of formaldehyde. A dose-response relationship was observed in the sensitization studies. The allergens were formed from the surfactant itself and the skin reactions cannot be explained due to any impurities that may be present in a technical quality of the surfactant. Cases of allergic contact dermatits to ethoxylated surfactants have been reported. To avoid the formation of allergenic oxidation products it is important to control the conditions for storage, handling, and transportation of ethoxylated surfactants.
Use of n,n-dialkylhydroxylamines and their preparation
申请人:CIBA-GEIGY AG
公开号:EP0286596A2
公开(公告)日:1988-10-12
The compounds of the formula (I)
wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently alkyl of 8 to 36 carbon atoms, are useful for stabilizing a poly(arylene sulfide) resin, a modified polystyrene or a polymer containing a diene component against thermal, oxidative or actinic degradation.
N,N-Dialkylhydroxylamines of the formula (I) can be prepared by an improved process involving a reverse Michael reaction of the N-oxides of the corresponding β-dialkylaminopropionic esters, amides or nitriles or of β-dialkylaminosuccinyl esters or imides.
N,N-Dialkylhydroxylamines of the formula (I) can also be prepared by an improved process involving the direct oxidation of the corresponding N,N-dialkylamines with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in a lower alkanol solvent.
Top-layer membrane formation composition and method for forming resist pattern using same
申请人:AZ Electronic Materials (Luxembourg) S.a.r.l.
公开号:US10268117B2
公开(公告)日:2019-04-23
[Object] To provide compositions for forming a top coat layer capable of forming patterns with an excellent roughness and pattern shape in a pattern formation method by exposure to extreme ultraviolet rays, and a pattern formation method using the composition.
[Means for solving problem] Provided are compositions for forming a top coat layer comprises an aromatic compound having an aromatic hydroxyl group and an aqueous solvent; and a method of forming patterns by applying the composition onto the resist surface and subjecting the resultant to exposure and development. This composition can further comprise binders.